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Six Penny Creek Community

2021-04-06T18:53:12Z

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The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Jehu/John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4191077-00238?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=681478]]. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/7667/images/4288509_00470?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61411310&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=3258021]]. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/7163/images/4278506_00383?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2013071&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=7543075]]. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4244228-00707?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6928723&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=36600079]]. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and Jehu (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-04-06T18:52:56Z

Aberg: /* Nixon */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Jehu/John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4191077-00238?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=681478]]. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/7667/images/4288509_00470?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61411310&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=3258021]]. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/7163/images/4278506_00383?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2013071&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=7543075]]. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4244228-00707?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6928723&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=36600079]]. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-03-24T20:41:57Z

Aberg: /* Nixon */ linked 1860 census

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4191077-00238?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=681478]]. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/7667/images/4288509_00470?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61411310&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=3258021]]. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/7163/images/4278506_00383?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2013071&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=7543075]]. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4244228-00707?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6928723&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=36600079]]. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-03-24T20:38:49Z

Aberg: /* Nixon */ link to 1870 census

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4191077-00238?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=681478]]. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/7163/images/4278506_00383?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2013071&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=7543075]]<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4244228-00707?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6928723&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=36600079]]. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-03-24T20:37:13Z

Aberg: /* Nixon */ linked to 1880 census

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4191077-00238?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=681478]]. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4244228-00707?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6928723&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=36600079]]. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-03-24T20:22:40Z

Aberg: /* Nixon */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4191077-00238?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=681478]]. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-03-24T20:20:01Z

Aberg: /* Nixon */ added direct link to census

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>[[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4191077-00238?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=681478]]. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-03-22T22:03:24Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. He died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad

2021-03-02T14:55:41Z

Aberg: /* Furnaces */

The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the South<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The land upon which communities comprised of self-emancipated individuals resided when they reached the North was generally less than ideal<ref>LaRoche 2017, 99</ref> and was sometimes located near iron forges and foundries<ref>LaRoche 2017, 90</ref> involved in [[iron production]]. When farming was not a viable option, members of these communities would support themselves through lumbering, timbering, [[charcoal production]] as [[colliers]], foraging, and baking<ref>LaRoche 2017, 100-101</ref>. Many self-emancipated individuals found refuge in the woods as charcoal burners or woodcutters employed by places such as Hopewell Furnace in Pennsylvania, which was near the [[Six Penny Creek Community]]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Several local furnaces also aided self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==The Scarlet(t) Family==
The Underground Railroad, in its early stages, was comprised of Quakers and their friends and acquaintances or of members of other religious groups who would shelter and assist self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Underground Railroad grew in strength with the passage of the Federal Fugitive Slave Acts[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 118</ref>. At the edge of a boarder state, Southeastern Pennsylvania was identified as a location early on where self-emancipated individuals could seek freedom<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Self-emancipated individuals from the South would come across the border into Pennsylvania and travel to Berks County, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Six Penny Creek community grew near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet (1787-1839)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>and her son Joseph (1821-1882)<ref>Find a Grave</ref><ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Scarlets owned one of the earliest grist mills in Berks County<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 66</ref>, Scarlet Mill<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>, which was built by John Scarlet, an early Quaker settler in the area and abolitionist<ref>Santamour 1976</ref>. The Scarlet family was very prominent in the community and was influential in establishing Robeson Family Friend's Meeting in 1740<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 65</ref>. The Scarlet family housed self-emancipated individuals<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> in "Quaker Valley," Robeson Township, PA near Birdsboro,<ref>Claussen 1968</ref> Berks County, PA.

===Joseph Scarlet===
Joseph Scarlet was active in aiding self-emancipated individuals beyond providing shelter at the family home. According to a newspaper article following his death, he was "an ardent friend of fugitive slaves, and did not hesitate at personal danger in assisting them"<ref>Reading Times, 25 July 1882</ref>. He was once in Pennington (now Atglen), PA, when he noticed an individual chained to a bar rail in a public house and learned that the man was to be taken away by slave hunters<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Overnight, the bar rail was sawed through and the man was gone, along with the handcuffs<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Following the event, a pair of damaged handcuffs appeared on the wall of Scarlet's home<ref>Homan 1958</ref>.

====The Christiana Tragedy====
Joseph Scarlet was also involved in the Christiana Tragedy in 1851<ref>The Times, 30 January 1882</ref>, an event which can be seen as an important precursor to the Civil War<ref>The Daily Evening Express, 21 August 1875</ref>. After leaving his family home, Joseph Scarlet moved to Sadsbury, Chester County, PA, which was near Lancaster, PA, the location of the Christiana Tragedy<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Christiana Tragedy began on September 9, 1851, when news that Edward Gorsuch of Anne Arundel County, Maryland had obtained warrants for arresting William Parker and others who had resided in an African American community near Christiana for several years was made known<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. William Parker, who had been operating an Underground Railroad station within the community, heard the news the following day<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. In the early morning, several men including Edward Gorsuch, his son Dickerson Gorsuch, and a Deputy U.S. Marshal named William H. Klein arrived on Parker's property and attempted to enter his house<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Parker's wife blew a horn from the window, a signal intended to alert friends of the Underground Railroad that there was trouble<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. When she refused to stop, Klein shot at her and was shortly joined in the attack by the Gorsuch family and the local "Gap Gang." At this point, Joseph Scarlet arrived at the scene with several other white men and was asked to help aid in the arrests<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet and the others refused to help<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Shooting resumed on both sides; and Edward Gorsuch was fatally wounded, his son injured<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As the attackers dispersed, the Gorsuch father and son were left behind<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet inserted himself between Dickerson Gorsuch and those wishing to harm him further, saving his life<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was charged with treason and levying war against the United States government; and, although found not guilty, he spent ninety-seven days in Lancaster County Prison following the event<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. He was one of three White men from the event to spend time in prison<ref>The Saturday Express, 15 November 1851</ref>.

====Later Life====
In 1870, Joseph Scarlet held a celebration for the anniversary of the emancipation proclamation on his property<ref>The Lancaster Examiner, 28 September 1870</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was married<ref>Find a Grave</ref> and was engaged in the green grocery business<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>. He passed away in 1882<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>.

==Iron Production==
The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in [[charcoal production]] to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. In addition, in the Hopewell Furnace ledgers more members of the Six Penny Creek Community are identified, such as Sarah Bendigs; Charles Butler; Isaac Cole; Edington Ford; Levi Hart, son of John Hart; Eliza Hill; Thomas Jackson; William Jacobs; and Joseph Tolbert<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. More information on members of the Six Penny Creek community employed by Hopewell Furnace can be found on the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] page.

===Furnaces===
The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed by Mark Bird in 1771<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. The furnace was built at edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref> on the North branch of the French Creek<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 24</ref>. Hopewell Furnace obtained iron from the Warwick mine in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 24</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*Berks History Center. 2019. ''Joanna Furnace: The Lost Years.'' Berks History Center.[https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/joanna-furnace-the-lost-years/]

*Claussen, Edmund. 1968. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''The Mercury,'' December 4, 1968.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/44887866/?terms=%22mt%2Bfrisby%22]

*The Daily Evening Express. 1875. ''A Scrap of History,'' August 21, 1875.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569619519/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*DCNR. 2019. ''Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests.'' Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/GoodNatured/Pages/Article.aspx?post=72]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Elizabeth Pownall Scarlet (25 Mar 1787–26 Jun 1839), Find a Grave Memorial no. 167131942, citing Robeson Monthly Meeting Cemetery, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/167131942/elizabeth-scarlet]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Joseph P. Scarlett (15 Mar 1821–8 Jul 1882), Find a Grave Memorial no. 87337897, citing West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Mary Harrell-Sesniak (contributor 46488639).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87337897/joseph-p.-scarlett]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]

*The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 2005. ''Collection 212: Forges and Furnaces Collection, 1727-1921.'' The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[https://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/findingaid212forgesandfurnaces.pdf]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*The Lancaster Examiner. 1870. ''Celebration,'' September 28, 1870.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569418322/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1882. ''The Slaves' Friend,'' July 19, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/247859296/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1882. ''An Exciting Episode Recalled by Death,'' July 25, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45566455/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Santamour, William. 1976. ''Robeson Township's History Compiled.'' Reading Eagle, September 26, 1976.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i5AjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4793%2C3155750]

*The Saturday Express, 1851. ''Visit to the Christiana Prisoners,'' November 15, 1851.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559352724/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*The Times - Philadelphia. 1882. ''The Riot at Christiana,'' January 30, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/52208715/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1966. ''Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community.'' Oxford University Press.

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

*Youker, Darrin. 2009. ''What's the connection between Hopewell Furnace and the Underground Railroad?'' Reading Eagle Company.[http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=163407]

Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad

2021-03-02T14:55:02Z

Aberg: /* Furnaces */

The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the South<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The land upon which communities comprised of self-emancipated individuals resided when they reached the North was generally less than ideal<ref>LaRoche 2017, 99</ref> and was sometimes located near iron forges and foundries<ref>LaRoche 2017, 90</ref> involved in [[iron production]]. When farming was not a viable option, members of these communities would support themselves through lumbering, timbering, [[charcoal production]] as [[colliers]], foraging, and baking<ref>LaRoche 2017, 100-101</ref>. Many self-emancipated individuals found refuge in the woods as charcoal burners or woodcutters employed by places such as Hopewell Furnace in Pennsylvania, which was near the [[Six Penny Creek Community]]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Several local furnaces also aided self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==The Scarlet(t) Family==
The Underground Railroad, in its early stages, was comprised of Quakers and their friends and acquaintances or of members of other religious groups who would shelter and assist self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Underground Railroad grew in strength with the passage of the Federal Fugitive Slave Acts[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 118</ref>. At the edge of a boarder state, Southeastern Pennsylvania was identified as a location early on where self-emancipated individuals could seek freedom<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Self-emancipated individuals from the South would come across the border into Pennsylvania and travel to Berks County, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Six Penny Creek community grew near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet (1787-1839)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>and her son Joseph (1821-1882)<ref>Find a Grave</ref><ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Scarlets owned one of the earliest grist mills in Berks County<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 66</ref>, Scarlet Mill<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>, which was built by John Scarlet, an early Quaker settler in the area and abolitionist<ref>Santamour 1976</ref>. The Scarlet family was very prominent in the community and was influential in establishing Robeson Family Friend's Meeting in 1740<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 65</ref>. The Scarlet family housed self-emancipated individuals<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> in "Quaker Valley," Robeson Township, PA near Birdsboro,<ref>Claussen 1968</ref> Berks County, PA.

===Joseph Scarlet===
Joseph Scarlet was active in aiding self-emancipated individuals beyond providing shelter at the family home. According to a newspaper article following his death, he was "an ardent friend of fugitive slaves, and did not hesitate at personal danger in assisting them"<ref>Reading Times, 25 July 1882</ref>. He was once in Pennington (now Atglen), PA, when he noticed an individual chained to a bar rail in a public house and learned that the man was to be taken away by slave hunters<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Overnight, the bar rail was sawed through and the man was gone, along with the handcuffs<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Following the event, a pair of damaged handcuffs appeared on the wall of Scarlet's home<ref>Homan 1958</ref>.

====The Christiana Tragedy====
Joseph Scarlet was also involved in the Christiana Tragedy in 1851<ref>The Times, 30 January 1882</ref>, an event which can be seen as an important precursor to the Civil War<ref>The Daily Evening Express, 21 August 1875</ref>. After leaving his family home, Joseph Scarlet moved to Sadsbury, Chester County, PA, which was near Lancaster, PA, the location of the Christiana Tragedy<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Christiana Tragedy began on September 9, 1851, when news that Edward Gorsuch of Anne Arundel County, Maryland had obtained warrants for arresting William Parker and others who had resided in an African American community near Christiana for several years was made known<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. William Parker, who had been operating an Underground Railroad station within the community, heard the news the following day<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. In the early morning, several men including Edward Gorsuch, his son Dickerson Gorsuch, and a Deputy U.S. Marshal named William H. Klein arrived on Parker's property and attempted to enter his house<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Parker's wife blew a horn from the window, a signal intended to alert friends of the Underground Railroad that there was trouble<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. When she refused to stop, Klein shot at her and was shortly joined in the attack by the Gorsuch family and the local "Gap Gang." At this point, Joseph Scarlet arrived at the scene with several other white men and was asked to help aid in the arrests<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet and the others refused to help<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Shooting resumed on both sides; and Edward Gorsuch was fatally wounded, his son injured<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As the attackers dispersed, the Gorsuch father and son were left behind<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet inserted himself between Dickerson Gorsuch and those wishing to harm him further, saving his life<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was charged with treason and levying war against the United States government; and, although found not guilty, he spent ninety-seven days in Lancaster County Prison following the event<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. He was one of three White men from the event to spend time in prison<ref>The Saturday Express, 15 November 1851</ref>.

====Later Life====
In 1870, Joseph Scarlet held a celebration for the anniversary of the emancipation proclamation on his property<ref>The Lancaster Examiner, 28 September 1870</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was married<ref>Find a Grave</ref> and was engaged in the green grocery business<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>. He passed away in 1882<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>.

==Iron Production==
The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in [[charcoal production]] to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. In addition, in the Hopewell Furnace ledgers more members of the Six Penny Creek Community are identified, such as Sarah Bendigs; Charles Butler; Isaac Cole; Edington Ford; Levi Hart, son of John Hart; Eliza Hill; Thomas Jackson; William Jacobs; and Joseph Tolbert<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. More information on members of the Six Penny Creek community employed by Hopewell Furnace can be found on the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] page.

===Furnaces===
The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed by Mark Bird in 1771<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. The furnace was built at edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref> on the North branch of the French Creek<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 24</ref>. Hopewell Furnace obtained iron from the Warwick mine in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*Berks History Center. 2019. ''Joanna Furnace: The Lost Years.'' Berks History Center.[https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/joanna-furnace-the-lost-years/]

*Claussen, Edmund. 1968. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''The Mercury,'' December 4, 1968.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/44887866/?terms=%22mt%2Bfrisby%22]

*The Daily Evening Express. 1875. ''A Scrap of History,'' August 21, 1875.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569619519/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*DCNR. 2019. ''Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests.'' Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/GoodNatured/Pages/Article.aspx?post=72]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Elizabeth Pownall Scarlet (25 Mar 1787–26 Jun 1839), Find a Grave Memorial no. 167131942, citing Robeson Monthly Meeting Cemetery, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/167131942/elizabeth-scarlet]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Joseph P. Scarlett (15 Mar 1821–8 Jul 1882), Find a Grave Memorial no. 87337897, citing West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Mary Harrell-Sesniak (contributor 46488639).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87337897/joseph-p.-scarlett]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]

*The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 2005. ''Collection 212: Forges and Furnaces Collection, 1727-1921.'' The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[https://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/findingaid212forgesandfurnaces.pdf]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*The Lancaster Examiner. 1870. ''Celebration,'' September 28, 1870.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569418322/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1882. ''The Slaves' Friend,'' July 19, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/247859296/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1882. ''An Exciting Episode Recalled by Death,'' July 25, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45566455/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Santamour, William. 1976. ''Robeson Township's History Compiled.'' Reading Eagle, September 26, 1976.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i5AjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4793%2C3155750]

*The Saturday Express, 1851. ''Visit to the Christiana Prisoners,'' November 15, 1851.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559352724/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*The Times - Philadelphia. 1882. ''The Riot at Christiana,'' January 30, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/52208715/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1966. ''Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community.'' Oxford University Press.

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

*Youker, Darrin. 2009. ''What's the connection between Hopewell Furnace and the Underground Railroad?'' Reading Eagle Company.[http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=163407]

Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad

2021-02-24T19:57:21Z

Aberg: /* References */

The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the South<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The land upon which communities comprised of self-emancipated individuals resided when they reached the North was generally less than ideal<ref>LaRoche 2017, 99</ref> and was sometimes located near iron forges and foundries<ref>LaRoche 2017, 90</ref> involved in [[iron production]]. When farming was not a viable option, members of these communities would support themselves through lumbering, timbering, [[charcoal production]] as [[colliers]], foraging, and baking<ref>LaRoche 2017, 100-101</ref>. Many self-emancipated individuals found refuge in the woods as charcoal burners or woodcutters employed by places such as Hopewell Furnace in Pennsylvania, which was near the [[Six Penny Creek Community]]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Several local furnaces also aided self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==The Scarlet(t) Family==
The Underground Railroad, in its early stages, was comprised of Quakers and their friends and acquaintances or of members of other religious groups who would shelter and assist self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Underground Railroad grew in strength with the passage of the Federal Fugitive Slave Acts[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 118</ref>. At the edge of a boarder state, Southeastern Pennsylvania was identified as a location early on where self-emancipated individuals could seek freedom<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Self-emancipated individuals from the South would come across the border into Pennsylvania and travel to Berks County, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Six Penny Creek community grew near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet (1787-1839)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>and her son Joseph (1821-1882)<ref>Find a Grave</ref><ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Scarlets owned one of the earliest grist mills in Berks County<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 66</ref>, Scarlet Mill<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>, which was built by John Scarlet, an early Quaker settler in the area and abolitionist<ref>Santamour 1976</ref>. The Scarlet family was very prominent in the community and was influential in establishing Robeson Family Friend's Meeting in 1740<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 65</ref>. The Scarlet family housed self-emancipated individuals<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> in "Quaker Valley," Robeson Township, PA near Birdsboro,<ref>Claussen 1968</ref> Berks County, PA.

===Joseph Scarlet===
Joseph Scarlet was active in aiding self-emancipated individuals beyond providing shelter at the family home. According to a newspaper article following his death, he was "an ardent friend of fugitive slaves, and did not hesitate at personal danger in assisting them"<ref>Reading Times, 25 July 1882</ref>. He was once in Pennington (now Atglen), PA, when he noticed an individual chained to a bar rail in a public house and learned that the man was to be taken away by slave hunters<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Overnight, the bar rail was sawed through and the man was gone, along with the handcuffs<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Following the event, a pair of damaged handcuffs appeared on the wall of Scarlet's home<ref>Homan 1958</ref>.

====The Christiana Tragedy====
Joseph Scarlet was also involved in the Christiana Tragedy in 1851<ref>The Times, 30 January 1882</ref>, an event which can be seen as an important precursor to the Civil War<ref>The Daily Evening Express, 21 August 1875</ref>. After leaving his family home, Joseph Scarlet moved to Sadsbury, Chester County, PA, which was near Lancaster, PA, the location of the Christiana Tragedy<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Christiana Tragedy began on September 9, 1851, when news that Edward Gorsuch of Anne Arundel County, Maryland had obtained warrants for arresting William Parker and others who had resided in an African American community near Christiana for several years was made known<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. William Parker, who had been operating an Underground Railroad station within the community, heard the news the following day<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. In the early morning, several men including Edward Gorsuch, his son Dickerson Gorsuch, and a Deputy U.S. Marshal named William H. Klein arrived on Parker's property and attempted to enter his house<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Parker's wife blew a horn from the window, a signal intended to alert friends of the Underground Railroad that there was trouble<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. When she refused to stop, Klein shot at her and was shortly joined in the attack by the Gorsuch family and the local "Gap Gang." At this point, Joseph Scarlet arrived at the scene with several other white men and was asked to help aid in the arrests<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet and the others refused to help<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Shooting resumed on both sides; and Edward Gorsuch was fatally wounded, his son injured<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As the attackers dispersed, the Gorsuch father and son were left behind<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet inserted himself between Dickerson Gorsuch and those wishing to harm him further, saving his life<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was charged with treason and levying war against the United States government; and, although found not guilty, he spent ninety-seven days in Lancaster County Prison following the event<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. He was one of three White men from the event to spend time in prison<ref>The Saturday Express, 15 November 1851</ref>.

====Later Life====
In 1870, Joseph Scarlet held a celebration for the anniversary of the emancipation proclamation on his property<ref>The Lancaster Examiner, 28 September 1870</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was married<ref>Find a Grave</ref> and was engaged in the green grocery business<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>. He passed away in 1882<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>.

==Iron Production==
The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in [[charcoal production]] to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. In addition, in the Hopewell Furnace ledgers more members of the Six Penny Creek Community are identified, such as Sarah Bendigs; Charles Butler; Isaac Cole; Edington Ford; Levi Hart, son of John Hart; Eliza Hill; Thomas Jackson; William Jacobs; and Joseph Tolbert<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. More information on members of the Six Penny Creek community employed by Hopewell Furnace can be found on the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] page.

===Furnaces===
The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*Berks History Center. 2019. ''Joanna Furnace: The Lost Years.'' Berks History Center.[https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/joanna-furnace-the-lost-years/]

*Claussen, Edmund. 1968. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''The Mercury,'' December 4, 1968.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/44887866/?terms=%22mt%2Bfrisby%22]

*The Daily Evening Express. 1875. ''A Scrap of History,'' August 21, 1875.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569619519/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*DCNR. 2019. ''Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests.'' Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/GoodNatured/Pages/Article.aspx?post=72]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Elizabeth Pownall Scarlet (25 Mar 1787–26 Jun 1839), Find a Grave Memorial no. 167131942, citing Robeson Monthly Meeting Cemetery, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/167131942/elizabeth-scarlet]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Joseph P. Scarlett (15 Mar 1821–8 Jul 1882), Find a Grave Memorial no. 87337897, citing West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Mary Harrell-Sesniak (contributor 46488639).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87337897/joseph-p.-scarlett]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]

*The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 2005. ''Collection 212: Forges and Furnaces Collection, 1727-1921.'' The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[https://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/findingaid212forgesandfurnaces.pdf]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*The Lancaster Examiner. 1870. ''Celebration,'' September 28, 1870.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569418322/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1882. ''The Slaves' Friend,'' July 19, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/247859296/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1882. ''An Exciting Episode Recalled by Death,'' July 25, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45566455/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Santamour, William. 1976. ''Robeson Township's History Compiled.'' Reading Eagle, September 26, 1976.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i5AjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4793%2C3155750]

*The Saturday Express, 1851. ''Visit to the Christiana Prisoners,'' November 15, 1851.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559352724/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*The Times - Philadelphia. 1882. ''The Riot at Christiana,'' January 30, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/52208715/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1966. ''Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community.'' Oxford University Press.

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

*Youker, Darrin. 2009. ''What's the connection between Hopewell Furnace and the Underground Railroad?'' Reading Eagle Company.[http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=163407]

Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad

2021-02-24T19:54:41Z

Aberg: /* Furnaces */

The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the South<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The land upon which communities comprised of self-emancipated individuals resided when they reached the North was generally less than ideal<ref>LaRoche 2017, 99</ref> and was sometimes located near iron forges and foundries<ref>LaRoche 2017, 90</ref> involved in [[iron production]]. When farming was not a viable option, members of these communities would support themselves through lumbering, timbering, [[charcoal production]] as [[colliers]], foraging, and baking<ref>LaRoche 2017, 100-101</ref>. Many self-emancipated individuals found refuge in the woods as charcoal burners or woodcutters employed by places such as Hopewell Furnace in Pennsylvania, which was near the [[Six Penny Creek Community]]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Several local furnaces also aided self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==The Scarlet(t) Family==
The Underground Railroad, in its early stages, was comprised of Quakers and their friends and acquaintances or of members of other religious groups who would shelter and assist self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Underground Railroad grew in strength with the passage of the Federal Fugitive Slave Acts[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 118</ref>. At the edge of a boarder state, Southeastern Pennsylvania was identified as a location early on where self-emancipated individuals could seek freedom<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Self-emancipated individuals from the South would come across the border into Pennsylvania and travel to Berks County, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Six Penny Creek community grew near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet (1787-1839)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>and her son Joseph (1821-1882)<ref>Find a Grave</ref><ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Scarlets owned one of the earliest grist mills in Berks County<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 66</ref>, Scarlet Mill<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>, which was built by John Scarlet, an early Quaker settler in the area and abolitionist<ref>Santamour 1976</ref>. The Scarlet family was very prominent in the community and was influential in establishing Robeson Family Friend's Meeting in 1740<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 65</ref>. The Scarlet family housed self-emancipated individuals<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> in "Quaker Valley," Robeson Township, PA near Birdsboro,<ref>Claussen 1968</ref> Berks County, PA.

===Joseph Scarlet===
Joseph Scarlet was active in aiding self-emancipated individuals beyond providing shelter at the family home. According to a newspaper article following his death, he was "an ardent friend of fugitive slaves, and did not hesitate at personal danger in assisting them"<ref>Reading Times, 25 July 1882</ref>. He was once in Pennington (now Atglen), PA, when he noticed an individual chained to a bar rail in a public house and learned that the man was to be taken away by slave hunters<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Overnight, the bar rail was sawed through and the man was gone, along with the handcuffs<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Following the event, a pair of damaged handcuffs appeared on the wall of Scarlet's home<ref>Homan 1958</ref>.

====The Christiana Tragedy====
Joseph Scarlet was also involved in the Christiana Tragedy in 1851<ref>The Times, 30 January 1882</ref>, an event which can be seen as an important precursor to the Civil War<ref>The Daily Evening Express, 21 August 1875</ref>. After leaving his family home, Joseph Scarlet moved to Sadsbury, Chester County, PA, which was near Lancaster, PA, the location of the Christiana Tragedy<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Christiana Tragedy began on September 9, 1851, when news that Edward Gorsuch of Anne Arundel County, Maryland had obtained warrants for arresting William Parker and others who had resided in an African American community near Christiana for several years was made known<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. William Parker, who had been operating an Underground Railroad station within the community, heard the news the following day<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. In the early morning, several men including Edward Gorsuch, his son Dickerson Gorsuch, and a Deputy U.S. Marshal named William H. Klein arrived on Parker's property and attempted to enter his house<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Parker's wife blew a horn from the window, a signal intended to alert friends of the Underground Railroad that there was trouble<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. When she refused to stop, Klein shot at her and was shortly joined in the attack by the Gorsuch family and the local "Gap Gang." At this point, Joseph Scarlet arrived at the scene with several other white men and was asked to help aid in the arrests<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet and the others refused to help<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Shooting resumed on both sides; and Edward Gorsuch was fatally wounded, his son injured<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As the attackers dispersed, the Gorsuch father and son were left behind<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet inserted himself between Dickerson Gorsuch and those wishing to harm him further, saving his life<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was charged with treason and levying war against the United States government; and, although found not guilty, he spent ninety-seven days in Lancaster County Prison following the event<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. He was one of three White men from the event to spend time in prison<ref>The Saturday Express, 15 November 1851</ref>.

====Later Life====
In 1870, Joseph Scarlet held a celebration for the anniversary of the emancipation proclamation on his property<ref>The Lancaster Examiner, 28 September 1870</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was married<ref>Find a Grave</ref> and was engaged in the green grocery business<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>. He passed away in 1882<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>.

==Iron Production==
The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in [[charcoal production]] to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. In addition, in the Hopewell Furnace ledgers more members of the Six Penny Creek Community are identified, such as Sarah Bendigs; Charles Butler; Isaac Cole; Edington Ford; Levi Hart, son of John Hart; Eliza Hill; Thomas Jackson; William Jacobs; and Joseph Tolbert<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. More information on members of the Six Penny Creek community employed by Hopewell Furnace can be found on the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] page.

===Furnaces===
The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*Berks History Center. 2019. ''Joanna Furnace: The Lost Years.'' Berks History Center.[https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/joanna-furnace-the-lost-years/]

*Claussen, Edmund. 1968. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''The Mercury,'' December 4, 1968.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/44887866/?terms=%22mt%2Bfrisby%22]

*The Daily Evening Express. 1875. ''A Scrap of History,'' August 21, 1875.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569619519/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*DCNR. 2019. ''Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests.'' Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/GoodNatured/Pages/Article.aspx?post=72]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Elizabeth Pownall Scarlet (25 Mar 1787–26 Jun 1839), Find a Grave Memorial no. 167131942, citing Robeson Monthly Meeting Cemetery, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/167131942/elizabeth-scarlet]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Joseph P. Scarlett (15 Mar 1821–8 Jul 1882), Find a Grave Memorial no. 87337897, citing West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Mary Harrell-Sesniak (contributor 46488639).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87337897/joseph-p.-scarlett]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*The Lancaster Examiner. 1870. ''Celebration,'' September 28, 1870.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569418322/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1882. ''The Slaves' Friend,'' July 19, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/247859296/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1882. ''An Exciting Episode Recalled by Death,'' July 25, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45566455/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Santamour, William. 1976. ''Robeson Township's History Compiled.'' Reading Eagle, September 26, 1976.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i5AjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4793%2C3155750]

*The Saturday Express, 1851. ''Visit to the Christiana Prisoners,'' November 15, 1851.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559352724/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*The Times - Philadelphia. 1882. ''The Riot at Christiana,'' January 30, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/52208715/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1966. ''Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community.'' Oxford University Press.

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

*Youker, Darrin. 2009. ''What's the connection between Hopewell Furnace and the Underground Railroad?'' Reading Eagle Company.[http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=163407]

Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad

2021-02-24T19:52:15Z

Aberg: /* Furnaces */

The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the South<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The land upon which communities comprised of self-emancipated individuals resided when they reached the North was generally less than ideal<ref>LaRoche 2017, 99</ref> and was sometimes located near iron forges and foundries<ref>LaRoche 2017, 90</ref> involved in [[iron production]]. When farming was not a viable option, members of these communities would support themselves through lumbering, timbering, [[charcoal production]] as [[colliers]], foraging, and baking<ref>LaRoche 2017, 100-101</ref>. Many self-emancipated individuals found refuge in the woods as charcoal burners or woodcutters employed by places such as Hopewell Furnace in Pennsylvania, which was near the [[Six Penny Creek Community]]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Several local furnaces also aided self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==The Scarlet(t) Family==
The Underground Railroad, in its early stages, was comprised of Quakers and their friends and acquaintances or of members of other religious groups who would shelter and assist self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Underground Railroad grew in strength with the passage of the Federal Fugitive Slave Acts[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 118</ref>. At the edge of a boarder state, Southeastern Pennsylvania was identified as a location early on where self-emancipated individuals could seek freedom<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Self-emancipated individuals from the South would come across the border into Pennsylvania and travel to Berks County, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Six Penny Creek community grew near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet (1787-1839)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>and her son Joseph (1821-1882)<ref>Find a Grave</ref><ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Scarlets owned one of the earliest grist mills in Berks County<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 66</ref>, Scarlet Mill<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>, which was built by John Scarlet, an early Quaker settler in the area and abolitionist<ref>Santamour 1976</ref>. The Scarlet family was very prominent in the community and was influential in establishing Robeson Family Friend's Meeting in 1740<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 65</ref>. The Scarlet family housed self-emancipated individuals<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> in "Quaker Valley," Robeson Township, PA near Birdsboro,<ref>Claussen 1968</ref> Berks County, PA.

===Joseph Scarlet===
Joseph Scarlet was active in aiding self-emancipated individuals beyond providing shelter at the family home. According to a newspaper article following his death, he was "an ardent friend of fugitive slaves, and did not hesitate at personal danger in assisting them"<ref>Reading Times, 25 July 1882</ref>. He was once in Pennington (now Atglen), PA, when he noticed an individual chained to a bar rail in a public house and learned that the man was to be taken away by slave hunters<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Overnight, the bar rail was sawed through and the man was gone, along with the handcuffs<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Following the event, a pair of damaged handcuffs appeared on the wall of Scarlet's home<ref>Homan 1958</ref>.

====The Christiana Tragedy====
Joseph Scarlet was also involved in the Christiana Tragedy in 1851<ref>The Times, 30 January 1882</ref>, an event which can be seen as an important precursor to the Civil War<ref>The Daily Evening Express, 21 August 1875</ref>. After leaving his family home, Joseph Scarlet moved to Sadsbury, Chester County, PA, which was near Lancaster, PA, the location of the Christiana Tragedy<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Christiana Tragedy began on September 9, 1851, when news that Edward Gorsuch of Anne Arundel County, Maryland had obtained warrants for arresting William Parker and others who had resided in an African American community near Christiana for several years was made known<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. William Parker, who had been operating an Underground Railroad station within the community, heard the news the following day<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. In the early morning, several men including Edward Gorsuch, his son Dickerson Gorsuch, and a Deputy U.S. Marshal named William H. Klein arrived on Parker's property and attempted to enter his house<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Parker's wife blew a horn from the window, a signal intended to alert friends of the Underground Railroad that there was trouble<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. When she refused to stop, Klein shot at her and was shortly joined in the attack by the Gorsuch family and the local "Gap Gang." At this point, Joseph Scarlet arrived at the scene with several other white men and was asked to help aid in the arrests<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet and the others refused to help<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Shooting resumed on both sides; and Edward Gorsuch was fatally wounded, his son injured<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As the attackers dispersed, the Gorsuch father and son were left behind<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet inserted himself between Dickerson Gorsuch and those wishing to harm him further, saving his life<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was charged with treason and levying war against the United States government; and, although found not guilty, he spent ninety-seven days in Lancaster County Prison following the event<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. He was one of three White men from the event to spend time in prison<ref>The Saturday Express, 15 November 1851</ref>.

====Later Life====
In 1870, Joseph Scarlet held a celebration for the anniversary of the emancipation proclamation on his property<ref>The Lancaster Examiner, 28 September 1870</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was married<ref>Find a Grave</ref> and was engaged in the green grocery business<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>. He passed away in 1882<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>.

==Iron Production==
The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in [[charcoal production]] to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. In addition, in the Hopewell Furnace ledgers more members of the Six Penny Creek Community are identified, such as Sarah Bendigs; Charles Butler; Isaac Cole; Edington Ford; Levi Hart, son of John Hart; Eliza Hill; Thomas Jackson; William Jacobs; and Joseph Tolbert<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. More information on members of the Six Penny Creek community employed by Hopewell Furnace can be found on the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] page.

===Furnaces===
The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815) had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*Berks History Center. 2019. ''Joanna Furnace: The Lost Years.'' Berks History Center.[https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/joanna-furnace-the-lost-years/]

*Claussen, Edmund. 1968. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''The Mercury,'' December 4, 1968.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/44887866/?terms=%22mt%2Bfrisby%22]

*The Daily Evening Express. 1875. ''A Scrap of History,'' August 21, 1875.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569619519/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*DCNR. 2019. ''Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests.'' Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/GoodNatured/Pages/Article.aspx?post=72]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Elizabeth Pownall Scarlet (25 Mar 1787–26 Jun 1839), Find a Grave Memorial no. 167131942, citing Robeson Monthly Meeting Cemetery, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/167131942/elizabeth-scarlet]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Joseph P. Scarlett (15 Mar 1821–8 Jul 1882), Find a Grave Memorial no. 87337897, citing West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Mary Harrell-Sesniak (contributor 46488639).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87337897/joseph-p.-scarlett]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*The Lancaster Examiner. 1870. ''Celebration,'' September 28, 1870.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569418322/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1882. ''The Slaves' Friend,'' July 19, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/247859296/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1882. ''An Exciting Episode Recalled by Death,'' July 25, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45566455/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Santamour, William. 1976. ''Robeson Township's History Compiled.'' Reading Eagle, September 26, 1976.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i5AjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4793%2C3155750]

*The Saturday Express, 1851. ''Visit to the Christiana Prisoners,'' November 15, 1851.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559352724/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*The Times - Philadelphia. 1882. ''The Riot at Christiana,'' January 30, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/52208715/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1966. ''Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community.'' Oxford University Press.

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

*Youker, Darrin. 2009. ''What's the connection between Hopewell Furnace and the Underground Railroad?'' Reading Eagle Company.[http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=163407]

Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad

2021-02-24T19:50:01Z

Aberg: /* Furnaces */

The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the South<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The land upon which communities comprised of self-emancipated individuals resided when they reached the North was generally less than ideal<ref>LaRoche 2017, 99</ref> and was sometimes located near iron forges and foundries<ref>LaRoche 2017, 90</ref> involved in [[iron production]]. When farming was not a viable option, members of these communities would support themselves through lumbering, timbering, [[charcoal production]] as [[colliers]], foraging, and baking<ref>LaRoche 2017, 100-101</ref>. Many self-emancipated individuals found refuge in the woods as charcoal burners or woodcutters employed by places such as Hopewell Furnace in Pennsylvania, which was near the [[Six Penny Creek Community]]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Several local furnaces also aided self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==The Scarlet(t) Family==
The Underground Railroad, in its early stages, was comprised of Quakers and their friends and acquaintances or of members of other religious groups who would shelter and assist self-emancipated individuals on their journeys North<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Underground Railroad grew in strength with the passage of the Federal Fugitive Slave Acts[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts]<ref>LaRoche 2017, 118</ref>. At the edge of a boarder state, Southeastern Pennsylvania was identified as a location early on where self-emancipated individuals could seek freedom<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Self-emancipated individuals from the South would come across the border into Pennsylvania and travel to Berks County, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Six Penny Creek community grew near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet (1787-1839)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>and her son Joseph (1821-1882)<ref>Find a Grave</ref><ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The Scarlets owned one of the earliest grist mills in Berks County<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 66</ref>, Scarlet Mill<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>, which was built by John Scarlet, an early Quaker settler in the area and abolitionist<ref>Santamour 1976</ref>. The Scarlet family was very prominent in the community and was influential in establishing Robeson Family Friend's Meeting in 1740<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 65</ref>. The Scarlet family housed self-emancipated individuals<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> in "Quaker Valley," Robeson Township, PA near Birdsboro,<ref>Claussen 1968</ref> Berks County, PA.

===Joseph Scarlet===
Joseph Scarlet was active in aiding self-emancipated individuals beyond providing shelter at the family home. According to a newspaper article following his death, he was "an ardent friend of fugitive slaves, and did not hesitate at personal danger in assisting them"<ref>Reading Times, 25 July 1882</ref>. He was once in Pennington (now Atglen), PA, when he noticed an individual chained to a bar rail in a public house and learned that the man was to be taken away by slave hunters<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Overnight, the bar rail was sawed through and the man was gone, along with the handcuffs<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Following the event, a pair of damaged handcuffs appeared on the wall of Scarlet's home<ref>Homan 1958</ref>.

====The Christiana Tragedy====
Joseph Scarlet was also involved in the Christiana Tragedy in 1851<ref>The Times, 30 January 1882</ref>, an event which can be seen as an important precursor to the Civil War<ref>The Daily Evening Express, 21 August 1875</ref>. After leaving his family home, Joseph Scarlet moved to Sadsbury, Chester County, PA, which was near Lancaster, PA, the location of the Christiana Tragedy<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. The Christiana Tragedy began on September 9, 1851, when news that Edward Gorsuch of Anne Arundel County, Maryland had obtained warrants for arresting William Parker and others who had resided in an African American community near Christiana for several years was made known<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. William Parker, who had been operating an Underground Railroad station within the community, heard the news the following day<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. In the early morning, several men including Edward Gorsuch, his son Dickerson Gorsuch, and a Deputy U.S. Marshal named William H. Klein arrived on Parker's property and attempted to enter his house<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Parker's wife blew a horn from the window, a signal intended to alert friends of the Underground Railroad that there was trouble<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. When she refused to stop, Klein shot at her and was shortly joined in the attack by the Gorsuch family and the local "Gap Gang." At this point, Joseph Scarlet arrived at the scene with several other white men and was asked to help aid in the arrests<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet and the others refused to help<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Shooting resumed on both sides; and Edward Gorsuch was fatally wounded, his son injured<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As the attackers dispersed, the Gorsuch father and son were left behind<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet inserted himself between Dickerson Gorsuch and those wishing to harm him further, saving his life<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was charged with treason and levying war against the United States government; and, although found not guilty, he spent ninety-seven days in Lancaster County Prison following the event<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. He was one of three White men from the event to spend time in prison<ref>The Saturday Express, 15 November 1851</ref>.

====Later Life====
In 1870, Joseph Scarlet held a celebration for the anniversary of the emancipation proclamation on his property<ref>The Lancaster Examiner, 28 September 1870</ref>. Joseph Scarlet was married<ref>Find a Grave</ref> and was engaged in the green grocery business<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>. He passed away in 1882<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1882</ref>.

==Iron Production==
The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in [[charcoal production]] to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. In addition, in the Hopewell Furnace ledgers more members of the Six Penny Creek Community are identified, such as Sarah Bendigs; Charles Butler; Isaac Cole; Edington Ford; Levi Hart, son of John Hart; Eliza Hill; Thomas Jackson; William Jacobs; and Joseph Tolbert<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. More information on members of the Six Penny Creek community employed by Hopewell Furnace can be found on the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] page.

===Furnaces===
The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815) had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*Berks History Center. 2019. ''Joanna Furnace: The Lost Years.'' Berks History Center.[https://berkshistorymysteries.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/joanna-furnace-the-lost-years/]

*Claussen, Edmund. 1968. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''The Mercury,'' December 4, 1968.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/44887866/?terms=%22mt%2Bfrisby%22]

*The Daily Evening Express. 1875. ''A Scrap of History,'' August 21, 1875.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569619519/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*DCNR. 2019. ''Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests.'' Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/GoodNatured/Pages/Article.aspx?post=72]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Elizabeth Pownall Scarlet (25 Mar 1787–26 Jun 1839), Find a Grave Memorial no. 167131942, citing Robeson Monthly Meeting Cemetery, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/167131942/elizabeth-scarlet]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 20 January 2021), memorial page for Joseph P. Scarlett (15 Mar 1821–8 Jul 1882), Find a Grave Memorial no. 87337897, citing West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Mary Harrell-Sesniak (contributor 46488639).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87337897/joseph-p.-scarlett]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*The Lancaster Examiner. 1870. ''Celebration,'' September 28, 1870.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/569418322/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1882. ''The Slaves' Friend,'' July 19, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/247859296/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1882. ''An Exciting Episode Recalled by Death,'' July 25, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45566455/?terms=joseph%20scarlet&match=1]

*Santamour, William. 1976. ''Robeson Township's History Compiled.'' Reading Eagle, September 26, 1976.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i5AjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4793%2C3155750]

*The Saturday Express, 1851. ''Visit to the Christiana Prisoners,'' November 15, 1851.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559352724/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*The Times - Philadelphia. 1882. ''The Riot at Christiana,'' January 30, 1882.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/52208715/?terms=joseph%20scarlett&match=1]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1966. ''Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community.'' Oxford University Press.

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

*Youker, Darrin. 2009. ''What's the connection between Hopewell Furnace and the Underground Railroad?'' Reading Eagle Company.[http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=163407]

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-24T02:18:06Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-9HM?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014), Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 20 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-24T02:17:14Z

Aberg: /* Cole */ fixed census date

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1900 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1900 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-18T15:52:11Z

Aberg: /* Cole */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons, Alfred and Howard<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41)<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-18T15:31:46Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945][https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=uz61636112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&indiv=1&dbid=1666&gsfn=isaac&gsln=cole&gsfn_x=NP_NN_NIC&gsln_x=NP_NN&cp=0&msbpn__ftp=pennsylvania,%20usa&msbpn=41&new=1&rank=1&record_f=_1652393&uidh=uz6&redir=false&gss=angs-d&pcat=39&fh=1&h=1190894&recoff=&ml_rpos=2&queryId=aef4875296a1d43ddf5e9f37f9da2aa2]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-18T15:30:29Z

Aberg: /* Cole */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). Isaac Cole was listed in the U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-18T01:26:52Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C. ''Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Records'' (Provost Marshal General's Bureau; Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865); Record Group: 110, Records of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau (Civil War); Collection Name: Consolidated Enrollment Lists, 1863-1865 (Civil War Union Draft Records); NAI: 4213514; Archive Volume Number: 1 of 2.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/1666/images/32178_620305173_0167-00171?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=a5e4c9ef1ab32a51204a671d63a3c1c4&usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-2031726&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1195945]

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-18T01:25:13Z

Aberg: /* Dehart/Hart */ civil war records

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Both Levi and Jonathan "Heart" are listed in the Union Township U.S. Civil War Draft Registrations Records of 1863-1865<ref>National Archives and Records Administration</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-17T02:56:19Z

Aberg: /* Jones */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Davis (34), Catharine (35), Angeline (8), Susan (2), and Sarah (1) Jones lived together<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Davis Jones was a laborer and Catharine was keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-17T02:52:10Z

Aberg: /* Jackson */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Thomas (74), Harriet (11), and Mary (10) Jackson lived with Harriet Searl (38)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Thomas Jackson's place of birth, although smudged, appears to be Virginia<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Everyone else in the household was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Harriet Searl's occupation was listed as a housekeeper<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-17T02:46:25Z

Aberg: /* Johnson */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-17T02:41:28Z

Aberg: /* Residents */ Butter and Nixon

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township Charles (100) and Sarah (70) Butter lived with Mary J. Johnson (8)<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Charles' birthplace was listed as Maryland, whereas Sarah and Mary's were Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Dehart/Hart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Dinah Nixon (68) lived alone, keeping house<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-17T02:27:43Z

Aberg: /* Residents */ hart and england

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6)<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart lived together with Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Levi was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Lyan (9) and Elizabeth (8) England lived in the household of Levi (40) and Mary E. (37) Dehart<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. Mary A. England was the next head of household listed on the 1870 census<ref>United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-13T15:14:28Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1905. ''Dies on Mother's Grave - Chester County Prison Official Expires While Cutting Grass,'' May 25, 1905.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/168330708/?terms=edward%20boardley&match=1]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-13T15:12:32Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */ Edward Boardley

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla Boardley owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>. Edward Boardley worked as an assistant keeper at Chester County Prison for over seventeen years prior to his death, which occurred in May of 1905 when he passed away from heart disease at his mother's grave<ref>The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 May 1905, 1</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-13T14:50:11Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*The Semi-Weekly New Era. 1831. ''Personal,'' October 31, 1894.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/559744813/?terms=catharine%20boardley&match=1]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-13T14:47:54Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine Boardley's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>. Catharine Boardley was the oldest resident in Chester County before she passed away in 1894<ref>The Semi-Weekly New Era, 31 October 1894, 2</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-13T14:38:03Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */ Hill family relation?

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. The next head of household listed on the 1840 census page of East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA is Wilkinson Hill, age 35-under 55, also noted to be a "free colored" person<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. Catharine Bodely had a son named Wilkinson born about 1839 (supposed based on the 1850 census)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. It is possible that the Hill and Bodley families are related. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-13T14:26:13Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (15), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley. in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T19:49:22Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (25), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley. in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing in the household was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T01:54:24Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (25), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley. in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T01:52:28Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (25), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley. in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission; Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania (State). Death Certificates, 1906-1968; Certificate Number Range: 085801-089600.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/5164/images/41381_2421401757_0395-02838?pId=601836975]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T01:51:52Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (25), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley. in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Catharine's maiden name was Amous and on her daughter's death certificate she was listed as being born in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T01:44:57Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1840</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (25), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley. in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA at the time of the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com, United States Census 1850</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T01:42:58Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with Sarah (18), Anna (17), Edward (25), George (13), Wilkinson (11), Matilda (9), Israel (6), and Henry (3) Bodley. in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA in the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Everyone in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>Ancestry.com 1840 United States Census</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T01:37:00Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with eight people, age 18 and younger, with the last name of Bodely (Boardley) in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA in the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4205104_00552?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz6-1351620&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=4726778]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-10T01:32:18Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) "Bodley" lived with eight people, age 18 and younger, with the last name of Bodely (Boardley) in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA in the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William was listed as being a laborer<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:30:18Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla (William) and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. William (54) and Catharine (50) lived with eight people, age 18 and younger, with the last name of Bodely (Boardley) in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, PA in the 1850 Census<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Also residing there was Cato Dickerson (24)<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:27:06Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8057/images/4409552_00105?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=2784251]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:26:46Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:26:34Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla Boardley was living in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA at the time of the 1840 census. In his household were six individuals listed as "free colored persons"<ref>Ancestry.com<ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:24:01Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:23:51Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ref: Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:23:32Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Ref: Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
Images reproduced by FamilySearch. [https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8058/images/4410691_00999?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=418952]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-09T14:22:41Z

Aberg: /* References */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Ancestry.com. Pennsylvania, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1683-1993 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.[https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/imageviewer/collections/8802/images/005576571_01851?usePUB=true&_phsrc=uz61163559&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=1104871]

*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-08T18:56:36Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons"<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.

Six Penny Creek Community

2021-02-04T16:40:38Z

Aberg: /* Boardley/Bodley/BadleyFind a Grave */

The African American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. The community can be connected to [[charcoal production]] and [[iron production]] as several members of the community were [[colliers]]. [[Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad]] are linked by this connection between the community and furnaces in the area.

==Residents==
The ages listed in parentheses and the spellings of names are taken directly from the census and may not be accurate.

====Boardley/Bodley/Badley<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
The Boardley family is linked to the Cole family. Anna Boardley, daughter of Aquilla and Catherine Boardley (1789-1894<ref>Find a Grave</ref>, married Isaac Cole. There was a "Quilty Boadly" living in Robeson, Berks County, PA at the time of the 1830 census<ref>United States Census 1830</ref>. Quilty could have been a nickname for Aquilla or the misspelling of the census taker. In his household were six "free coloured persons." Aquilla owned land in Berks County which bordered Hopewell Furnace on the east side and died intestate<ref>Ancestry.com 2015</ref>.

In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. The Badleys were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Bendigs====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. The Bendigs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, there was a woman listed as "Sarah Bendigo" who was employed doing housework by the furnace for 107 weeks at a wage of seventy-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Brown====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. John Brown was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Butler/Butter====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. It was reported that they could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Charles Butler worked as a woodcutter, cutting forty-five cords at a rate of thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Cole====
The land upon which [[Six Penny Creek AME Church]] was constructed was owned by the Cole family and Isaac Cole was a founder of the church<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Cole lived together. Isaac Cole's wife was a member of the Badley/Bodley/Boardley family. Albert was in school, and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref> (the Cole family still live on the land owned by Isaac Cole and members of the Cole family have served in every war since the Civil War<ref>Homan 1958</ref>). He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area<ref>Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4</ref>. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole<ref>Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1</ref>. Isaac Cole passed away on August 21, 1889<ref>Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3</ref>. He was buried in Mt. Frisby AME church cemetery<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref>. Cemeteries within free communities that contain the graves of Civil War veterans serve as a reminder of the community's commitment to freedom and equality<ref>LaRoche</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone in the family except for the two youngest Cole children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. Also in the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Curtis====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Samuel Curtis was a laborer and was listed as being born in Virginia and unable to read or write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Davis====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Devis====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. She was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Dickanson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Duffy/Dutt====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read or write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====England====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were [[colliers]] and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Fiering====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Ford====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. She was in school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Ford====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, Edington Ford was a employed as a laborer at the furnace for just over three months at a wage of nine dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). Jane Ford could neither read nor write. The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Edington Ford was a brake maker<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Fords were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Furguson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Garret====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

====Hall====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers, and everyone in the Hall family could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Hampden====
In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) Hampden lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]]. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Hart/Dehart====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the Hart family were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, John Hart cut 153 cords at a rate of twenty-six and a half cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. John Hart also worked as a post maker during this period, creating forty posts at a wage of one cent per post<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Levi Hart also worked as a woodcutter, cutting 112 cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord and as a rail splitter, splitting 200 rails at a rate of half a cent per rail<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Levi Dehart was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Herbert====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write. Both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Hill====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) were listed as living in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Eliza Hill was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Eliza Hill was employed doing housework by the furnace for one week at a wage of a dollar and twenty-five cents per week<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>.

====Jackson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Thomas Jackson worked as a woodcutter, cutting 120 cords at a rate of twenty-six to thirty cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. The Jacksons were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the [[colliers]] in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read or write<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Jacobs====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1825-1827, William Jacobs was working as a laborer and was a member of the driving team<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. William Jacobs worked for twenty months and twelve days as a laborer at nine dollars a month and for just over four months as a member of the driving team at slightly more then eleven dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1835-1837, William Jacobs was a full-time<ref>Walker 1969, 492</ref> member of the driving team and was employed for twenty-four months and sixteen days at a wage of nine to ten dollars a month<ref>Walker 1969, 493</ref>. In the 1850 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. William Jacobs was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read or write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. William Jacobs was a laborer listed as being born in Pennsylvania, and he could neither read nor write<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as with Lee Tichia (25). Matilda Johnson was attending school. and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Johnson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emelia (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson. They were both recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Jones====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Peter Jones worked as a woodcutter, cutting thirty-four cords at a rate of twenty-seven cents per cord<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Lee====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. Washington Lee could neither read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Washington Lee was listed as a laborer<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). The Lees were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Miller====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>. According to the 1880 Census of Union Township, Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the [[colliers]] in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>. In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Molson/Hilton====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1870 Census of Union Township, James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read or write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Nixon====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). Dianna Nixon could neither read nor write. The Nixons were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. John Nixon was a forgeman<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.

====Prince<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet Prince were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, and for six years in the 1910 census<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Charles Prince was a day laborer<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>. The entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>, although in the 1910 census Charles Prince was recorded as being born in Ohio<ref> United States Census, 1910</ref>. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Robeson====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Seymore====
In the 1890 Census of Union Township, Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

====Spencer====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. John Spencer was a laborer and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tichia====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Lee Tichia was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Thomas====
In the 1870 Census of Union Township, Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.

====Tolbert====
According to Hopewell Furnace ledgers from 1850-1853, Joseph Tolbert worked as a laborer for twenty-six days at a wage of ten dollars per month<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). The Tolberts were listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, John (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1) Watson. John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>. In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Rosanna Watson (17) lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Watson====
In the 1860 Census of Union Township, Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.

====Wilson====
In the 1850 Census of Union Township, Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, along with a gardener and a young woman. Wilson was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and attended school<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Crimmins, Peter. 2018. ''Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors.'' WHYY.[https://whyy.org/segments/forging-a-sense-of-hopewell-furnaces-history-through-its-citizens-and-visitors/]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 01 February 2021), memorial page for Howard H Cole (26 Jul 1861–10 Nov 1936), Find a Grave Memorial no. 203531937, citing Saint Michaels Cemetery, Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203531937/howard-h-cole]

*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/101121496/isaac-cole]

*Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/grandreview/2010/04/19/isaac-cole/comment-page-1/]

*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

*LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2017. ''Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance.'' Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

*National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. ''African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace.'' National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/african-americans.htm]

*Reading Times. 1883. ''Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown,'' September 3, 1883.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45428741/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1885. ''A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek,'' March 14, 1885.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/46630298/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Reading Times. 1889. ''Birdsboro Local News,'' August 22, 1889.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/45345667/?terms=%22isaac%2Bcole%22]

*Speros, Susan and Michelle Lynch. 2013. ''Prioritizing Berks County Cultural and Historical Resources Within and Nearby the Hopewell Big Woods.'' Friends of Hopewell Furnace NHS.[http://www.schuylkillhighlands.org/downloads/news_docs/newsfile_1375472575.pdf]

*''United States Census, 1850,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6SZ9-V7B?cc=1401638&wc=95R6-RM2%3A1031314301%2C1032360801%2C1031403901] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1860,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSZ-9YDL?cc=1473181&wc=7QTM-MVN%3A1589434177%2C1589434447%2C1589422372] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1870,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DZD4-M7X?cc=1438024&wc=KGFB-JWL%3A518666601%2C519769501%2C51868270]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1880,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-RBK?cc=1417683&wc=X43K-3TL%3A1589394781%2C1589394780%2C1589395036%2C1589394792] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1900,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D1DS-MWN?cc=1325221&wc=9BQR-NQN%3A1030550501%2C1033810001%2C1034073201] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*''United States Census, 1910,'' database with images, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RK7-PF9?cc=1727033&wc=QZZ4-YNN%3A133638001%2C140071501%2C133735401%2C1589089550] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

*Walker, Joseph E. 1969. ''A Comparison of Negro and White Labor in a Charcoal Iron Community.'' Labor History 10, no.3 (June): 487-497.