Six Penny Creek and the Underground Railroad - Revision history

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Furnaces

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	The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.		The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

	Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed by Mark Bird in 1771<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. The furnace was built at edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref> on the North branch of the French Creek<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 24</ref>. Hopewell Furnace obtained iron from the Warwick mine in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.		Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed by Mark Bird in 1771<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. The furnace was built at edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref> on the North branch of the French Creek<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 24</ref>. Hopewell Furnace obtained iron from the Warwick mine in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 24</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

	==Notes==		==Notes==

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Furnaces

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	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===
	The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.		The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 27</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

	Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at ~~the~~ edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County ~~in 1771 by Mark Bird~~<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.		Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed by Mark Bird in 1771<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. The furnace was built at edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref> on the North branch of the French Creek<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005, 24</ref>. Hopewell Furnace obtained iron from the Warwick mine in East Nantmeal, Chester County, PA. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

	==Notes==		==Notes==

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2021-02-24T19:57:21Z

References

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	*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]		*Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 21 January 2021), memorial page for Levi Bull Smith (8 Feb 1806–8 Aug 1876), Find a Grave Memorial no. 62637878, citing Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by Tricker (contributor 47304675).[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62637878/levi-bull-smith]

			*The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 2005. ''Collection 212: Forges and Furnaces Collection, 1727-1921.'' The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[https://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/findingaid212forgesandfurnaces.pdf]

	*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]		*Homan, Wayne E. 1958. ''The Underground Railroad.'' ''Historical Review of Berks County,'' Berks History Center.[https://www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-underground-railroad/]

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Furnaces

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	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===
	The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815) had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.		The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815)<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref> had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792<ref>The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2005</ref>. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

	Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.		Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

Aberg: /* Furnaces */

2021-02-24T19:52:15Z

Furnaces

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:52, 24 February 2021
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	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===
	The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815) had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.		The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815) had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref> and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

	Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.		Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

Aberg: /* Furnaces */

2021-02-24T19:50:01Z

Furnaces

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:50, 24 February 2021
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	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===
	The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father had married into the Bull family, who had ~~built~~ the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. Levi Smith lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.		The owner of Joanna Furnace, Levi Bull Smith (1806-1876)<ref>Find a Grave</ref> aided self-emancipated individuals by taking them to remote locations in the woods that were around the furnace and staying with them when there was danger nearby<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. At other times, self-emancipated individuals would be able to find their own refuge in the [[collier huts]] of [[colliers]] who worked for Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Levi Smith's father John Smith (1762-1815) had married into the Bull family, who had been instrumental in building the furnace one generation prior<ref>Berks History Center 2019</ref>. The furnace had been constructed by Thomas Bull (1744-1837), Thomas Rutter (1731-1795), Samuel Potts (1736-1793), and Thomas May (1731-1792) and went into blast in 1792. In 1833 Levi Smith became the owner of the furnace and lived in the furnace mansion at Joanna Furnace<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. Before he assumed control of the furnace, however, Levi Smith worked at Hopewell Furnace, hauling one load of feed from Birdsboro according to the Hopewell Furnace 1825-1827 ledgers<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. His wage rates were the same as Jonathan Jones, a Black employee who hauled flour from Birdsboro<ref>Walker 1969, 491</ref>. At Hopewell Furnace there was little difference between the wages paid to different races throughout the furnace's operation<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. Levi Smith was likely responsible for recruiting Henry Segner as a guide for the Underground Railroad<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. As a hunter and part-time supervisor of charcoal burners in the area, Henry Segner was well suited for the role, as he had an extensive knowledge of the terrain around Hopewell<ref>Homan 1958</ref>. It was said that Henry Segner would send a group of self-emancipated individuals guided by a charcoal burner off in one direction and then lead nearby slave hunters in another direction deep into the mountains so that they could not find their way out for several days<ref>Homan 1958</ref>, allowing the group of self-emancipated individuals time to move on. Levi Smith was not an anomaly. Many ironmasters were participants in the Underground Railroad and offered protection under the guise of work to self-emancipated individuals,<ref>LaRoche 2017, 97</ref> not only in Pennsylvania, but in other states as well, such as Ohio<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. In the Hanging Rock Iron region of Ohio, furnace operator John Campbell used some profits to subsidize the Underground Railroad in the area by providing supplies such as horses, saddles, and wagons<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. The routes formed from the various connections among iron furnaces were important to the pathway to freedom for self-emancipated individuals<ref>LaRoche 2017, 71</ref> as ironworks and transportation routes were utilized to move self-emancipated individuals from furnace to furnace<ref>LaRoche 2017, 74</ref>. These pathways for transporting self-emancipated individuals between iron forges and foundries were in use before the Underground Railroad<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>.

	Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.		Another furnace local to the area that was affiliated with the Six Penny Creek Community was Hopewell Furnace. The furnace was initially constructed at the edge of Union Township, Berks County, PA, near Chester County in 1771 by Mark Bird<ref>Walker 1966, 19</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>.

Aberg: /* Iron Production */

2021-02-03T22:19:42Z

Iron Production

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:19, 3 February 2021
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	==Iron Production==		==Iron Production==
	The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in ~~the~~ production ~~of charcoal~~ to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>.		The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in [[charcoal production]] to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>. In addition, in the Hopewell Furnace ledgers more members of the Six Penny Creek Community are identified, such as Sarah Bendigs; Charles Butler; Isaac Cole; Edington Ford; Levi Hart, son of John Hart; Eliza Hill; Thomas Jackson; William Jacobs; and Joseph Tolbert<ref>Walker 1969, 494</ref>. More information on members of the Six Penny Creek community employed by Hopewell Furnace can be found on the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] page.

	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===

Aberg: /* Iron Production */

2021-02-03T22:09:57Z

Iron Production

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:09, 3 February 2021
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	==Iron Production==		==Iron Production==
	The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>.		The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, members of the Six Penny Creek Community such as Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>.

	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===

Aberg: /* Iron Production */

2021-02-03T22:08:24Z

Iron Production

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:08, 3 February 2021
Line 14:		Line 14:

	==Iron Production==		==Iron Production==
	The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009~~</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96~~</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>.		The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>.

	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===

Aberg: /* Iron Production */

2021-02-03T22:08:13Z

Iron Production

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:08, 3 February 2021
Line 14:		Line 14:

	==Iron Production==		==Iron Production==
	The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. Many of the records that remain at Hopewell Furnace show that some individuals worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further North<ref>Walker 1966, 307</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>.		The location of the [[Six Penny Creek Community]] was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref> and to the forges in Birdsboro, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. The furnaces ran along an Underground Railroad route which went from Morgantown, PA to Hamburg, PA<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the South had the opportunity to be housed at the Scarlett's house or within the Six Penny Creek community<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> and work at nearby Hopewell Furnace<ref>Speros and Lynch 2013, 47</ref> to earn money as they established residence or to aid in their continued journey North<ref>DCNR 2019</ref> to Canada<ref>Youker 2009</ref>. The names of these self-emancipated individuals were not recorded in the furnace's records to protect their identities<ref>LaRoche 2017, 96</ref>. In the South, more people self-emancipated from iron foundries than from any other industry, except for the agricultural industry<ref>LaRoche 2017, 95</ref>. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as [[colliers]], farmers, stonemasons, laborers, teamsters, or woodchoppers who worked on [[Harvesting Wood]] for [[charcoal production]]. Many were involved in the [[iron production]] industry. For example, Peter Jones, listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref> of Union Township in Berks County, PA, and John Hart, also listed in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>, were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces<ref>National Park Service 2015</ref>.

	===Furnaces===		===Furnaces===