Lives of Workers

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Many workers were required to help the various forges and furnaces operate smoothly and these workers held various positions within charcoal production and iron production. A brief overview of some of the individuals who were involved with the Lehigh Furnace (Heidelberg and Washington Townships), East Penn Forge, and East Penn Furnace (East Penn Township) can be found below.

As transportation was limited before the twentieth century, most people lived close to their places of employment. An 1860 map including East Penn Township illustrates this, as several of the individuals listed below owned property near the East Penn Forge and East Penn Furnace. The map gives the following as property owners in the area: G. Reichert (Reichard); S. Reichert (Reichard); and J. Bachman. Also owning property near the forge were names associated with the iron works in the area including Balliet and Nimson[1][1]. The 1860 Aschbach Map of Lehigh County showed John Balliet (1819-1886) living very close to the Balliet Furnance (Lehigh Furnace).

East Penn Township, Carbon County, PA

John Bachman (1820-1863)[2]

John Bachman was listed in the 1860 census as a collier in East Penn township. Colliers were essential to charcoal production and typically lived in collier huts. According to the 1860 Census, John Bachman was approximately forty years old and was living with his wife Mary, and his eleven children ages four months to nineteen years[3][2]. In the 1870 Census of East Pen Township Mary was listed as keeping house with six children, aged eight to twenty-three, and had $325 in real estate[3]. One of John Bachman's daughters who was listed under him in the 1860 Census was listed in the 1870 Census as a domestic servant in Issac Dengler's home[4][4]. The Bachman family remained in East Penn following the death of John Bachman. In the 1880 Census of East Penn Township Mary was listed as living in the township with four children[5][5].

Christian Freeby (circa 1825 - April 1887)[6]

Christian Freeby was listed in the 1860 Census as a forgeman in East Penn Township. He was approximately thirty-five years old and was living with his wife[7] Jeannette (Decker) Freeby, whom he married in July of 1848[8], and four children. His personal estate was valued at $150.00[9]. He followed in his father's footsteps, as the elder Christian Freeby (1776-1880)[10][6] had been a forgeman also. The senior Freeby lived to be over one hundred and was still walking into town to get supplies in his nineties[11]. Christian Freeby owned land adjacent to the Balliet family in East Penn Township[12]. Prior to working as a forgeman, Christian Freeby was noted in the 1850 Census as being a blacksmith[13]. Christian Freeby took time from his work to serve in the Civil War as a second lieutenant in Company A, Fourth Regiment of the Pennsylvania Cavalry, 64th Volunteers[14]. He was buried at Coplay Cemetery[15].

Edwin & Josiah Lauer

Brothers Edwin and Josiah Lauer were listed in the 1870 Census of East Penn Township as working in a furnace. Edwin was approximately twenty-two years old and Josiah approximately eighteen years old. They were living with their father William Lauer [16], mother Barbara (Fenstermacher) Lauer (1808-1899)[17], and three others [18][7].

Joseph McFarling (McFarlane) (1835-1905)[19]

Joseph McFarling's occupation was listed as burning charcoal in the 1870 Census of East Penn Township[20][8]. His father John McFarling was a coal burner according to the 1850 Census[21][9]. He was approximately thirty-eight years of age and was living with his wife Mary and five children ages two to twelve[22][10]. In the 1880 Census of East Penn Township, Joseph was listed as a "keeper at furnace." His son Joseph was sixteen and was also working at a furnace[23][11]. According to his obituary, he had worked at the Old Balliet Furnace (East Penn Furnace) and that, until five weeks before his death, he was employed at a sand pit at the Lizard Creek Brick and Sand Company[24].

George Reichard (1808-1883)

George Reichard was listed as a forgeman in the 1860 Census of East Penn Township. He was listed as being approximately fifty-four years of age and residing with his wife Lydia Ann (1828-1886) and six children. His real estate was valued at one hundred dollars and his personal estate was valued at two hundred dollars[25][12]. George Reichard was married twice, first to Esther (Frantz) Reichard (1810-1847)[26][13]. In the 1880 Census of East Penn Township George Reichard was listed as working at a furnace[27][14].

Simon Reichard (1832-1889)[28]

In the 1860 Census of East Penn Township Simon Reichard was listed as a forgeman and was approximately twenty-eight years of age. He was listed as residing with his wife Rebecca and his six children. It was noted that his real estate was valued at three hundred dollars and his personal estate at one hundred dollars[29][15]. In the 1870 Census of Mauch Chunk, Carbon County, PA, Simon Reichard and his two eldest sons were working as wire drawers. Along with these sons, he lived with his wife and seven other children [30][16]. At the time of the next Federal Census, he had become a superintendent at a wire mill and was living with his wife and several children[31][17]

Daniel Schoch (1843-1918)[32]

In the 1870 Census of East Penn Township Daniel Schoch was listed as working in an iron mine. He was living with his wife Maria and two children[33][18].

Gideon Youse (Gaus)

Gideon Youse was listed in the 1850 Census of East Penn Township as a forgeman. He was approximately forty years old and was listed as residing with his wife Magdaline and their six children ages five to nineteen[34][19]. In the 1860 Census of East Penn Township Gideon Youse was listed as a laborer[20]. His son Gideon Youse Jr. was noted a laborer in the home of George Balliet, a farmer[35][21]. Gideon Youse and his wife Magdaline were listed in the 1870 Census of East Penn Township, him as a laborer and her as keeping house, with their real estate valued at four hundred dollars[36][22]. In the 1880 Census of East Penn Township Gideon Youse was listed as a boarder in the house of Levi Guldner. His occupation was listed as "worker in furnace"[37][23].

1880 Census

Over time the demand for furnaces fluctuated. As some furnaces shut down, others were being put into blast. As census records did not list the exact name of the furnaces that people in the township worked at, it becomes difficult to discern if individuals in later censuses were employed by the furnaces that this research is concerned with. Iron production was an important industry in the area, as is illustrated by census records. By the 1880 Census, the number of individuals listed as having an occupation related to the iron industry had increased dramatically. The following individuals are those who are listed in the 1880 Census of East Penn Township[38] as having an occupation related to the industry:

Peter Bowman (Keeper at Furnace) [24]

Alvin Gombert (Works in Iron Ore Mines)[25]

John & John J. Gouger (Works at Furnace)[26]

Hiram Kolb (Charcoal Burner) [27]

Nathan Kolb (Charcoal Burner)[28]

Augustus Lassman (Superintendent of Iron Ore Mine)[29]

Edwin Loch (Charcoal Burner)[30]

Abraham Moyer (Charcoal Burner)[31]

John Wahl (Works in Furnace)[32]

Heidelburg Township, Lehigh County, PA

Casper (1835-1918)[39] & John Beirman (1867-1933)[40]

Casper Beirman came to Pennsylvania from Germany in 1856[41][33]. In the 1860 Census of Heidelberg Township, he resided in the boarding house of Benjamin Schaeffer and worked at the furnace along with several fellow boarders[42][34]. According to the 1870 Census of Heidelburg Township, worked in a furnace[43]. By 1880 his thirteen year old son John had joined him as a furnace worker. Casper Beirman was approximately forty-four and resided with his wife Adaline and their four children as well as his son-in-law and grandson[44][35]. In 1900 Casper Bierman was still working at a furnace and living in Heidelberg Township with his wife and two youngest children[45][36]. By 1910 Casper Bierman and his wife, who reported being married fifty years, were living with their daughter and her husband in Heidelberg Township. Casper was said to be an oiler in a pig iron furnace[46][37].

In the 1900 Census of Heidelberg Township, where John Bierman lived in all known censuses, he was a furnace worker and was living with his wife Sarah and their four-year-old daughter Laura[47][38]. By 1910 John Bierman owned a restaurant. His wife was a cook and his daughter a saleslady at the restaurant. According to the census, he owned his house mortgage-free[48][39]. In 1920, John Bierman continued to own a restaurant. Neither his wife nor his daughter was working, and his four-year-old granddaughter was also in his household[49][40]. By the 1930 Census, John Bierman, who was widowed, was said to be an unemployed laborer. Residing in the house he owned were his daughter, her husband, their one-year-old son and her fourteen-year-old daughter. Laura and her husband LeRoy Greth had married a year earlier. It was the first marriage for both of them[50][41].

Isaac Brigel (1824-1882)[51]

Isaac Brigel was listed in the 1850 Census as a laborer[52][42]. At the time of the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township, he was working in a furnace and was a border in the Stafford household[53][43].

George Fike (1846-1933)[54]

In the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township George Fike was listed as working in a furnace. He was approximately thirty-two and was living with his wife Emma and two children[55][44].

Joseph Fox (1852-1938)[56]

In the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township Joseph Fox was listed as working in a furnace. He was approximately twenty-seven and lived with his wife Mary and their four children[57][45]. In the 1900 Census of Heidelberg Township, Joseph was listed as living with his wife and six of their children. He was still noted as being a furnace laborer[58][46]. By 1920 he, his wife, and one married daughter were still residing in Heidelberg Township where Joseph worked as a roaster at an iron furnace[59][47].

William Froelich(1854-1929)[60]

William Froelich was listed in the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township as working in a furnace. He was approximately twenty-six years old and lived with his wife Amanda and their three sons[61][48].

Charles Kepply (Keppley) (1821-1892)[62]

In the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township Charles Kepply was listed as working in a furnace. He was approximately fifty-nine years old and living with his wife Mary, four of his children, and two of his grandchildren[63][49].

William Kepply (Keppley) (1855-1925)[64]

William Kepply was listed in the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township as working in a furnace. He was approximately twenty-four years old and resided with his wife Mary Barbara (Fisher) Kepply, their two children, and his father-in-law[65][50].

Frederick Moyer

Frederick Moyer was listed in the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township as working at an iron furnace. He was residing with his mother and two younger siblings[66][51].

Isaac Moyer

In the 1860 Census of Heidelburg Township Isaac Moyer was listed as a charcoal burner. He was approximately forty-four years of age at the time and resided with his wife Catharine and five children[67][52]. It was reported in 1877 that Isaac Moyer was thrown from a load of grain and subsequently sustained a leg fracture. He was residing in Amity Township, Berks County at the time of the accident[68].

Lucas Raeder

In the 1860 Census of Heidelburg Township Lucas Raeder's occupation was listed as a furnace laborer. He was approximately sixty years of age and was listed as residing with his wife Eve and one daughter[69][53].

Charles Watson

Charles Watson was listed in the 1880 Census of Heidelburg Township as working at an iron furnace. He resided with his wife Malinda and their three children[70][54].

Solomon Zimmerman (1811-1896)[71]

In the 1860 Census of Heidelburg Township Solomon Zimmerman was listed as being a superintendent of a foundry. He lived with his wife Anna Maria "Polly" (Bittner) Zimmerman (1819-1908)[72][55] and his three children[73][56].

Washington Township, Lehigh County, PA

David Hettinger

David Hettinger was listed in the 1860 Census of Washington Township as a laborer at a furnace. He was approximaetly fifty-five years of age and lived with his wife Catharine and a ten year old boy named Oswell Laub[74][57].

Abraham Neff

Abraham Neff was listed in the 1860 Census of Washington Township as a feeder at a furnace. He was approximately fifty years old at the time. He lived with his wife Eliza (Haack) Neff (1823-1907)[75] and six family members[76][58]. In early May of 1880 Abraham Neff was still residing near the furnace when his house caught fire and was damaged considerably[77].

Reuben Neff (1828-1892)[78]

In the 1860 Census of Washington Township Reuben Neff was listed as a laborer at a furnace. He was approximately thirty-four years of age and lived with his wife Mazina and four children, newborn to eleven years old[79][59]. In 1881 he was appointed to the Republican County Committee with Jas Balliet. In the 1880 Census of Washington Township Reuben Neff was working in a quarry and living with his wife and his son John[80][60].

Samuel & Levi Paulus

In the 1860 Census of Washington Township Samuel and Levi Paulus, father and son, were listed as laborers in furnaces. Levi, who was approximately eighteen at the time, lived with his parents and three brothers[81][61]. In the 1880 Census of Slatedale Township, Levi Paulus was listed as working in a quarry and living with his wife Sarah and daughter Elizabeth[82][62].

Lorentz Rohrbach

Lorentz Rohrbach was noted in the 1860 Census of Washington Township as being a laborer at a furnace. He was approximately sixty years of age and lived with his wife Maria, daughter Amanda (aged fifteen), and three other males aged eight to twenty-seven[83][63].

Joel Schnable (1815-1890)[84]

Joel Schnable was listed in the 1860 Census of Washington Township as a coal burner. He lived with his wife Catharine (1820-1888)[85] and four children aged two to sixteen[86][64].

Reuben & Tobias Werdt

Reuben and Tobias Werdt were listed in the 1860 Census of Washington Township as coal burners. Reuben, approximately thirty years old, and Tobias, approximately twenty-eight years old, resided in their mother Elizabeth's house with five siblings[87][65].

Notes

  1. ↑ Walling et al., 1860
  2. ↑ Find A Grave
  3. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  4. ↑ United State Census, 1870
  5. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  6. ↑ United States Records of Headstones of Deceased Union Veterans, 1879-1903
  7. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  8. ↑ Pennsylvania Marriages, 1709-1940
  9. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  10. ↑ Find a Grave
  11. ↑ The Carbon Advocate August 16, 1879
  12. ↑ The Carbon Advocate December 6, 1890
  13. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  14. ↑ United States Civil War Soldiers Index, 1861-1865
  15. ↑ Find a Grave
  16. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  17. ↑ Reading Times March 11, 1899
  18. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  19. ↑ Find a Grave
  20. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  21. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  22. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  23. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  24. ↑ Find a Grave
  25. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  26. ↑ Find A Grave
  27. ↑ United States Census
  28. ↑ Find a Grave
  29. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  30. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  31. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  32. ↑ Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission, 1906-1967
  33. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  34. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  35. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  36. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  37. ↑ United States Census
  38. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  39. ↑ Find a Grave
  40. ↑ Find a Grave
  41. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  42. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  43. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  44. ↑ United States Census,1880
  45. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  46. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  47. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  48. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  49. ↑ United States Census, 1920
  50. ↑ United States Census, 1930
  51. ↑ Find a Grave
  52. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  53. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  54. ↑ Find a Grave
  55. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  56. ↑ Find a Grave
  57. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  58. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  59. ↑ United States Census, 1920
  60. ↑ Find a Grave
  61. ↑ United States, 1880
  62. ↑ Find a Grave
  63. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  64. ↑ Find a Grave
  65. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  66. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  67. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  68. ↑ Reading Times July 18, 1877
  69. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  70. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  71. ↑ Find A Grave
  72. ↑ Find A Grave
  73. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  74. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  75. ↑ Find a Grave
  76. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  77. ↑ The Allentown Democrat May 5, 1880
  78. ↑ Find A Grave
  79. ↑ United States Census,1860
  80. ↑ United States, 1880
  81. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  82. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  83. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  84. ↑ Find a Grave
  85. ↑ Find A Grave
  86. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  87. ↑ United States Census, 1860

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  • United States Census, 1920, database with images, FamilySearch [112] : 13 September 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Heidelberg > ED 135 > image 17 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T625 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1930, database with images, FamilySearch [113] : 10 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Robesonia > ED 134 > image 13 of 33; citing NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002).
  • United States Civil War Soldiers Index, 1861-1865. Database. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : 14 June 2016. Citing multiple microfilm publications, Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.[114]
  • United States Records of Headstones of Deceased Union Veterans, 1879-1903, database with images, FamilySearch [115] : 1 May 2020, Christian Freeby.
  • Walling, Henry Francis, H.F. Walling's Map Establishment, and Way & Palmer Loomis. 1860. Map of the counties of Monroe and Carbon, Pennsylvania. New York: Loomis, Way & Palmer. Map. [116]
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