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==Residents==
==Residents==
===1850 Census===
The ages listed in parentheses are directly taken from the census and may not be accurate.
The ages listed in parentheses are directly taken from the census and may not be accurate.


Line 42: Line 41:
John Watson (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1). John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.
John Watson (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1). John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1850</ref>.


===1860 Census===
 
The ages listed in parentheses are directly taken from the census and may not be accurate.
 
====Badley (and Johnson)====
====Badley (and Johnson)====
Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.
Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.
Line 80: Line 79:
John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.
John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref>United States Census, 1860</ref>.


===1870 Census===
 
The ages listed in parentheses are directly taken from the census and may not be accurate.
 
====Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
====Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.  
Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883<ref>Crimmins 2018</ref>. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops<ref>Hebblethwaite 2010</ref>. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.  
Line 100: Line 99:
Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers and were listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.
Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers and were listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1870</ref>.


===1880 Census===
 
The ages listed in parentheses are directly taken from the census and may not be accurate.


====Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
====Isaac Cole (1825-1890)<ref>Find a Grave</ref>====
Line 124: Line 122:
Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.
Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania<ref> United States Census, 1880</ref>.


===1900 Census===
 
 
====Cole====
====Cole====
Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone except the two youngest children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.
Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone except the two youngest children could read and write<ref> United States Census, 1900</ref>.

Revision as of 21:21, 1 December 2020

History

The African-American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835[1]. The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the south[2].

Iron Production

The location was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces[3]. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the south had the opportunity to be housed within the Six Penny Creek community and work at Hopewell Furnace to earn money to aid in their continued journey north[4]. Many of the records that Hopewell Furnace show that some people worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further north[5]. The community grew up near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet and her son who housed self-emancipated individuals[6] in "Quaker Valley" near Birdsboro[7]. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as colliers, farmers, stonemasons, laborers, or woodchoppers who worked on Harvesting Wood for charcoal production. Many were involved in the iron production industry. For example, Peter Jones was listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses and John Hart in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA[8] and both men were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces[9].

Mt. Frisby African Methodist Episcopal Church

The Six Penny Creek community established Mt. Frisby African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1856[10]. The church was erected on land owned by the Cole family, a notable family in the community. Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883[11]. The church became a station on the Underground Railroad[12]. It was also significant for being the location of the oldest African-American cemetery in Berks County, PA[13]. Several former Hopewell Furnace laborers were buried in the cemetery[14].

Residents

The ages listed in parentheses are directly taken from the census and may not be accurate.

Butter

Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. Neither could read nor write[15].

Davis

John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could not read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[16].

Dutt

John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware[17].

Ford

Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read nor write[18].

Garret

Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read nor write[19].

Hart (Nixon, Ford, and Lee)

John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28),George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee(60). John Hart, Dianna Nixon, Jane Ford, and Washington Lee could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. John Nixon was a forgeman, Edington Ford a brake maker, and Washington Lee a laborer[20]. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood[21].

Hill, Bendigs, Wilson, and Jacobs

Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, a gardener, and a young woman. Hill, the Bendigs, Wilson, and Jacobs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. William Jacobs could not read nor write. Anna Maria Wilson attended school[22].

Jackson

Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together at the time of the 1850 Census. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania[23].

Jones

Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write[24].

Watson

John Watson (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1). John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania[25].


Badley (and Johnson)

Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[26].

Butler (Ford and Dehart)

Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (3), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler and Levi Dehart were day laborers, and Ellen Ford was in school[27].

Coal

I(s)rael (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Coal. Albert was in school and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania[28].

Duffy

John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[29].

Jackson (and Johnson)

Thomas (64), Emeila (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. They were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[30].

Jacobs, Dickanson, and Watson

William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals[31].

Jones (and Devis)

Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer, and Ellen Devis was attending school[32].

Lee (Johnson and Tichia)

Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). Matilda was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[33].

Molson

James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school[34].

Nixon (and Watson)

John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census. Rosanna Watson was attending school[35].

Talbert (Ford and Brown)

Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Talbert lived together with George Ford (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). All of the residents in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania[36].

Watson

John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[37].


Isaac Cole (1825-1890)[38]

Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883[39]. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops[40]. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[41].

Fiering

John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[42].

Herbert

Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write and were both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son in Pennsylvania[43].

Hilton

James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read nor write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania[44].

Jacobs, Curtis, Spencer, and Thomas

William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. The three men were laborers and Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant. Samuel Curtis was listed as being born in Virginia and the others in Pennsylvania, and neither he nor William Jacobs could read or write[45].

Miller

Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers and were listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[46].


Isaac Cole (1825-1890)[47]

Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883[48]. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[49]. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area[50]. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole[51]. He passed away on August 21, 1889[52].

England

Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read nor write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania[53].

England

Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were colliers and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write[54].

Hampden

Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on Harvesting Wood. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania[55].

Jackson

Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the colliers in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read nor write[56].

Miller

Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the colliers in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[57].

Nixon

Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[58].


Cole

Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone except the two youngest children could read and write[59].

Cole

Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[60].

England

Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[61].

Furguson

James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[62].

Hall

Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers and everyone in the household could read and write[63].

Miller

Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia[64].

Prince[65]

Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census[66]., and for six years in the 1910 census[67]. Charles Prince was a day laborer and the entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[68], although in the 1910 census Charles Prince is recorded as being born in Ohio[69]. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida[70].

Robeson

Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[71].

Seymore

Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[72].

Notes

  1. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  2. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  3. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  4. ↑ DCNR 2019
  5. ↑ Walker 1966, 307
  6. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  7. ↑ Claussen 1968
  8. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  9. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  10. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  11. ↑ Crimmins 2018
  12. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  13. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  14. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  15. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  16. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  17. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  18. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  19. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  20. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  21. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  22. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  23. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  24. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  25. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  26. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  27. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  28. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  29. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  30. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  31. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  32. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  33. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  34. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  35. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  36. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  37. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  38. ↑ Find a Grave
  39. ↑ Crimmins 2018
  40. ↑ Hebblethwaite 2010
  41. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  42. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  43. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  44. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  45. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  46. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  47. ↑ Find a Grave
  48. ↑ Crimmins 2018
  49. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  50. ↑ Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4
  51. ↑ Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1
  52. ↑ Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3
  53. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  54. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  55. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  56. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  57. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  58. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  59. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  60. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  61. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  62. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  63. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  64. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  65. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  66. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  67. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  68. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  69. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  70. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  71. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  72. ↑ United States Census, 1900

References

  • Crimmins, Peter. 2018. Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors. WHYY.[1]
  • DCNR. 2019. Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[2]
  • Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775)[3].
  • Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[4]
  • Claussen, Edmund. 1968. The Underground Railroad. The Mercury, December 4, 1968.[5]
  • National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace. National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[6]
  • Reading Times. 1883. Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown, September 3, 1883.[7]
  • Reading Times. 1885. A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek, March 14, 1885.[8]
  • Reading Times. 1889. Birdsboro Local News, August 22, 1889.[9]
  • United States Census, 1850, database with images, FamilySearch [10] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1860, database with images, FamilySearch [11] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1870, database with images, FamilySearch [12]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1880, database with images, FamilySearch [13] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1900, database with images, FamilySearch [14] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1910, database with images, FamilySearch [15] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • Walker, Joseph E. 1966. Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community. Oxford University Press.
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