Six Penny Creek Community

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History

The African-American community at Six Penny Creek was established around 1835[1]. The area was affiliated with the Underground Railroad, and the community was founded in the valley of Six Penny Creek by self-emancipated individuals (escaped slaves) from the south[2]. Many self-emancipated individuals found refuge in the woods as charcoal burners or woodcutters employed by places like Hopewell and Joanna furnaces. Various members of the Six Penny Creek Community served in the Union forces during the Civil War[3].

Iron Production

The location was close to Hopewell and Joanna furnaces[4]. Self-emancipated slaves leaving the south had the opportunity to be housed within the Six Penny Creek community and work at Hopewell Furnace to earn money to aid in their continued journey north[5]. Many of the records that Hopewell Furnace show that some people worked at the furnace for very limited amounts of time, which may be indicative of escaped or freed slaves moving further north[6]. The community grew up near the home of Quaker Elizabeth Scarlet and her son who housed self-emancipated individuals[7] in "Quaker Valley" near Birdsboro[8]. As the community grew, the individuals within Six Penny Creek began to establish themselves as professionals. Some took work as colliers, farmers, stonemasons, laborers, or woodchoppers who worked on Harvesting Wood for charcoal production. Many were involved in the iron production industry. For example, Peter Jones was listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses and John Hart in the 1850 Census of Union Township in Berks County, PA[9] and both men were recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood that was then used in the production of charcoal to fuel furnaces[10].

Mt. Frisby African Methodist Episcopal Church

The Six Penny Creek community established Mt. Frisby African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1856[11]. The church was erected on land owned by the Cole family, a notable family in the community. Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883[12]. The church became a station on the Underground Railroad[13]. It was also significant for being the location of the oldest African-American cemetery in Berks County, PA[14]. Several former Hopewell Furnace laborers were buried in the cemetery[15].

Residents

The ages listed in parentheses are directly taken from the census and may not be accurate.

Badley

Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley lived with Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[16].

Bendigs

Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Eliza Hill (33), Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, a gardener, and a young woman. Hill, the Bendigs, Wilson, and Jacobs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. William Jacobs could not read nor write. Anna Maria Wilson attended school[17].

Brown

John Brown (5 months) lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford. All of the residents in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania[18].

Butler

Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler lived with Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler and Levi Dehart were day laborers, and Ellen Ford was in school[19].

Butter

Charles (75) and Sarah (43) Butter were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Charles Butter was a laborer. Neither could read nor write[20].

Cole

Isaac (32), Ann (25), Ann M (11), Albert (5), and Rachel (2) Coal. Albert was in school and the family was listed as all being born in Pennsylvania[21].

Isaac Cole (1825-1890)[22]

Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883[23]. Isaac Cole enlisted in the Union Army in 1864 at forty years of age where he became part of Company H, 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops[24]. He was listed in the 1870 Census of Union Township, Berks County, PA as a laborer. Isaac (50) was residing with Annie (36), Alfrid (15), Rachael (12), Howard (10), Clara (9), Charles (5), and Aushun J (2) Cole. Isaac Close was listed as being born in Maryland, whereas the rest of his family is recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[25].

Isaac Cole (1825-1890)[26]

Isaac Cole was a woodcutter at Hopewell Furnace from 1858 to 1883[27]. In the 1880 Census of Union Township, Isaac Cole was listed as a stone mason, as were two of his sons. He (51) lived with his wife Annie (42); his children Alfred (25), Howard (20), Clara (18), Charles (14), Arte (12) Emma (9), and Katy (6); and a collier named William Ford (41). All of Isaac Cole’s children were attending school except for Alfred. Everyone residing in the house was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[28]. Isaac Cole was involved in preparing for "colored woods camp meetings" in the area[29]. In 1885 a balloon launched from Girard College by Dr. W.H. Hammond of Washington D.D. and aeronaut L.H. King of Philadelphia landed on land owned by Isaac Cole[30]. He passed away on August 21, 1889[31].

Cole

Ida (30), Annie (12), George (9), Ralph (6), and Theodore (1) Cole were living in the house of Ida Cole’s father Robert Miller (68). Ida Cole and her children were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. Everyone except the two youngest children could read and write[32].

Cole

Howard Cole (16) was a servant and farm laborer in the house of Jacob Smith, a farmer. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[33].

Curtis

Samuel Curtis (27), William Jacobs (65), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. The three men were laborers and Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant. Samuel Curtis was listed as being born in Virginia and the others in Pennsylvania, and neither he nor William Jacobs could read or write[34].

Davis

John Davis (36) resided by himself. He was a laborer who could not read nor write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[35].

Devis

Ellen Devis (5) lived with Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones. Peter Jones was a day laborer, and Ellen Devis was attending school[36].

Dickanson

Ellen Dickanson (14), William Jacobs (55), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals[37].

Dutt

John Dutt (30) was living on the farm of Henry Flannery among six members of the Flannery family and nine other individuals. He was listed as being born in Delaware[38].

Duffy

John Duffy (40) resided with the Lynch family and was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[39].

England

Lizzie (20) and her sister Mary (18) England lived together. Lizzie could not read nor write but her sister was in school. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania[40].

England

Samuel (23), George (25), Mary (40), and John (5) England lived together in Samuel England’s house. Both Samuel and George were colliers and their mother was keeping house. The three adults could neither read nor write[41].

England

Samuel England (50) was a woodchopper and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[42].

Fiering

John Fiering (45) was listed as residing with Ammon Allbright’s family and other laborers/residents at Allbright’s hotel. John Fierling was an ostler, meaning he looked after the horses at the hotel. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[43].

Ford

Minty Ford (90) resided by herself. She was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read nor write[44].

Ford

Ellen Ford (6) was living with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart. Charles Butler and Levi Dehart were day laborers, and Ellen Ford was in school[45].

Ford

Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford were living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Washington Lee (60). John Hart, Dianna Nixon, Jane Ford, and Washington Lee could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. John Nixon was a forgeman, Edington Ford a brake maker, and Washington Lee a laborer[46]. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood[47].

Ford

George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford lived with Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert, as well as John Brown (5 months). All of the residents in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania[48].

Furguson

James Furguson (8) was a servant in the household of Gustavus Frost, a farmer from Maine. James Furguson could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[49].

Garret

Matthias Garret (74) resided by himself. He was listed as being born in Pennsylvania and could not read nor write[50].

Hall

Thomas (52), Harriet (25), and Joseph (25) Hall were living together with Thomas and Harriet Hall’s granddaughter Mary Robeson (12). Thomas and Joseph Hall were day laborers and everyone in the household could read and write[51].

Hampden

Rudolph (61), Hannah (57), Sallie (22), William (20), Frank (17), Lewis (14), Fred (6), Ellie (1), and John (30) lived together. Rudolph Hampden was a woodchopper who worked on Harvesting Wood. All of the Hampdens were listed as being born in Pennsylvania[52].

Hart

John (65) was living with Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with the Hart family were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon; Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford; and Washington Lee (60). John Hart, Dianna Nixon, Jane Ford, and Washington Lee could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. John Nixon was a forgeman, Edington Ford a brake maker, and Washington Lee a laborer[53]. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood[54].

Hart/Dehart

Levi (30), Ellen (25), Elizabeth (4), and John (26) Dehart lived with Charles (60) and Sarah (45) Butler, as well as Ellen Ford (6). Charles Butler and Levi Dehart were day laborers, and Ellen Ford was in school[55].

Herbert

Robert (34), Lucy (22), and Robert (2) Herbert lived together in the house of Joseph Wright, a manufacturer. Four other individuals resided in the house as well. Robert and Lucy Herbert could neither read nor write and were both listed as being born in Virginia, and their son in Pennsylvania[56].

Hill

Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, Anna Maria Wilson (23), and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, a gardener, and a young woman. Hill, the Bendigs, Wilson, and Jacobs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. William Jacobs could not read nor write. Anna Maria Wilson attended school[57].

Hilton

James (35), Anna (34), Harriet (10), William (14), Julia (9 months), and Amanda (14) Hilton lived together. James, a laborer, and Anna, keeping house, could not read nor write. Anna was listed as being born in Maryland and Amanda in Delaware, but the rest of the family was recorded as being from Pennsylvania[58].

Jackson

Thomas Jackson (86) was listed as one of the colliers in the area and was noted to have been born in Pennsylvania. He could not read nor write[59].

Jackson

Thomas (45) and Elizabeth Jackson (12) lived together at the time of the 1850 Census. Thomas Jackson could neither read nor write. They were both listed as being born in Pennsylvania[60].

Jackson

Thomas (64), Emeila (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) Jackson and Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived together. They were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[61].

Jacobs

William Jacobs (55), Ellen Dickanson (14), and Latita Watson (15) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals[62].

Jacobs

William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), John Spencer (19), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. The three men were laborers and Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant. Samuel Curtis was listed as being born in Virginia and the others in Pennsylvania, and neither he nor William Jacobs could read or write[63].

Jacobs

William Jacobs (50), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and Anna Maria Wilson (23) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, a gardener, and a young woman. Hill, the Bendigs, Wilson, and Jacobs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. William Jacobs could not read nor write. Anna Maria Wilson attended school[64].

Johnson

Jane (23) and Mary Ann (9) Johnson lived with Catharine (65), Henry (14), and Lidya (4) Badley. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[65].

Johnson

William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as Lee Tichia (25). Matilda was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[66].

Johnson

Elizabeth (1) Johnson lived with Thomas (64), Emeila (25), and Harriet (1) Jackson and Ellen (22) Jackson. They were all recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[67].

Jones

Peter (55) and Anna (25) Jones lived with Ellen Devis (5). Peter Jones was a day laborer, and Ellen Devis was attending school[68].

Jones

Peter Jones (43) lived on the farm of Westley and his six person family. He was listed as a laborer born in Pennsylvania who could neither read nor write[69].

Johnson

Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee lived with William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson, as well as Lee Tichia (25). Matilda was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[70].

Lee

Washington Lee (60) was living in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing in the house were John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon and Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford. John Hart, Dianna Nixon, Jane Ford, and Washington Lee could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. John Nixon was a forgeman, Edington Ford a brake maker, and Washington Lee a laborer[71]. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood[72].

Miller

Robert (37), Rosanna (24), Rebecca (3), Mary (1), and Jerimiah (37) Miller were living together. Robert and Jerimiah were laborers and were listed as being born in Virginia. The rest of the Millers were recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[73].

Miller

Robert (41), Ida (10), and Jere (44) Miller lived together. Robert Miller was a farmer and his brother Jere Miller was one of the colliers in the area. Ida was attending school and Jere could not read or write. They were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[74].

Miller

Robert Miller (68) was living in the house he owned with his widowed daughter Ida Cole (30) and her four children. He was a farmer and was listed as being born in Virginia[75].

Molson/Hilton

James (38), Harriet (24), Anneta (25), Margaret (15), David (10), Mary (8), James (4), and Emma (1month) Molson lived together and were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. James Molson was a day laborer and Margaret, David, and Mary attended school[76].

Nixon

John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon resided with Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census. Rosanna Watson was attending school[77].

Nixon

Dinah (Dianna) Nixon (74) was living alone following the death of her husband John. She was keeping house and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[78].

Nixon

John (60) and Dianna (46) Nixon resided in the home of John (65), Levi (19), John (18), and Mary (26) Hart. Also residing with them were Edington (39), Jane (28), George (4), and Henriette (2) Ford and Washington Lee (60). John Hart, Dianna Nixon, Jane Ford, and Washington Lee could neither read nor write. All of the individuals in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania. John Nixon was a forgeman, Edington Ford a brake maker, and Washington Lee a laborer[79]. John Hart was recorded in the nineteenth century Hopewell Furnace journals as cutting cord wood[80].

Prince[81]

Charles (34), Harriet (34), Ida (18), Ervin (18), Charles (13), Frank (7), Lyly (5), Wesley (2), and Ella (0) lived together. The Prince family was interesting for the time period as the marriage was an interracial one. Charles and Harriet were listed as being married for four years in the 1900 census[82]., and for six years in the 1910 census[83]. Charles Prince was a day laborer and the entire family was recorded as being born in Pennsylvania[84], although in the 1910 census Charles Prince is recorded as being born in Ohio[85]. Everyone in the house who was thirteen or older could read and write, except for Ida[86].

Robeson

Mary Robeson (12) was living with her grandparents and her uncle. She could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[87].

Seymore

Howard Seymore (30) lived in the Flanery household where he was a servant. He could read and write and was listed as being born in Pennsylvania[88].

Spencer

John Spencer (19), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and Elizabeth Thomas (24) lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. The three men were laborers and Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant. Samuel Curtis was listed as being born in Virginia and the others in Pennsylvania, and neither he nor William Jacobs could read or write[89].

Tichia

Lee Tichia (25) lived with Washington (68), George (21), Edward (5), and Israel (16) Lee, as well as William (7), Matilda (18), and Bodly (1 month) Johnson. Matilda was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[90].

Thomas

Elizabeth Thomas (24), William Jacobs (65), Samuel Curtis (27), and John Spencer (19), lived in the house of iron master Charles Clarigan and four of his family members, as well as three other individuals. The three men were laborers and Elizabeth Thomas was a domestic servant. Samuel Curtis was listed as being born in Virginia and the others in Pennsylvania, and neither he nor William Jacobs could read or write[91].

Tolbert

Joseph (65), George (23), Caroline (14), Martha (9), Mary (35), and Jane (41) Tolbert lived together with George (16), Henrietta (4), Henry (11), Mary E (7), and Joshua (4) Ford, as well as John Brown (5 months). All of the residents in the house were listed as being born in Pennsylvania[92].

Watson

John (45), Louisa (40), Julia (12), Maria (10), Emma (4), and Caroline (2) lived together. Julia was attending school and they were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania[93].

Watson

Latita Watson (15), William Jacobs (55), and Ellen Dickanson (14) lived in the house of Charles Clarigan and his five family members and four other individuals[94].

Watson

John Watson (35) lived with Mary (25), Roseanna (8), Catharine (4), and John (1). John was listed as a laborer and the entire family was noted as being born in Pennsylvania[95].

Watson

Rosanna Watson (17), the daughter of John and Mary Watson from the 1850 Census, lived with John (68) and Dianna (50) Nixon. Rosanna Watson was attending school[96].

Wilson

Anna Maria Wilson (23), Eliza Hill (33), Sarah (28) and Suzanna (5) Bendigs, and William Jacobs (50) lived in the house of manufacturer Charles Clarigan and his three family members, a gardener, and a young woman. Hill, the Bendigs, Wilson, and Jacobs were all listed as being born in Pennsylvania. William Jacobs could not read nor write. Anna Maria Wilson attended school[97].

Notes

  1. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  2. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  3. ↑ Homan 1958
  4. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  5. ↑ DCNR 2019
  6. ↑ Walker 1966, 307
  7. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  8. ↑ Claussen 1968
  9. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  10. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  11. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  12. ↑ Crimmins 2018
  13. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  14. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  15. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  16. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  17. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  18. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  19. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  20. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  21. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  22. ↑ Find a Grave
  23. ↑ Crimmins 2018
  24. ↑ Hebblethwaite 2010
  25. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  26. ↑ Find a Grave
  27. ↑ Crimmins 2018
  28. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  29. ↑ Reading Times 3 September 1882, 4
  30. ↑ Reading Times 14 March 1885, 1
  31. ↑ Reading Times 22 August 1889, 3
  32. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  33. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  34. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  35. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  36. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  37. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  38. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  39. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  40. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  41. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  42. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  43. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  44. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  45. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  46. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  47. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  48. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  49. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  50. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  51. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  52. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  53. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  54. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  55. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  56. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  57. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  58. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  59. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  60. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  61. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  62. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  63. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  64. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  65. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  66. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  67. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  68. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  69. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  70. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  71. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  72. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  73. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  74. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  75. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  76. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  77. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  78. ↑ United States Census, 1880
  79. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  80. ↑ National Park Service 2015
  81. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  82. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  83. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  84. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  85. ↑ United States Census, 1910
  86. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  87. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  88. ↑ United States Census, 1900
  89. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  90. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  91. ↑ United States Census, 1870
  92. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  93. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  94. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  95. ↑ United States Census, 1850
  96. ↑ United States Census, 1860
  97. ↑ United States Census, 1850

References

  • Crimmins, Peter. 2018. Forging a Sense of Hopewell Furnace’s History Through its Citizens and Visitors. WHYY.[1]
  • DCNR. 2019. Stories of Black History in Pennsylvania State Parks and Forests. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[2]
  • Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 22 November 2020), memorial page for Pvt Isaac Cole (1825–1890), Find a Grave Memorial no. 101121496, citing Mount Frisby Church Graveyard, Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Maintained by N.D. Scheidt (contributor 47099775)[3].
  • Hebblethwaite, Frank. 2010. “Isaac Cole, 32nd Regiment U.S.C.T.”[4]
  • Claussen, Edmund. 1968. The Underground Railroad. The Mercury, December 4, 1968.[5]
  • National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace. 2015. African-Americans at Hopewell Furnace. National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior.[6]
  • Reading Times. 1883. Colored Woods Meeting Near Geigertown, September 3, 1883.[7]
  • Reading Times. 1885. A Balloon Landing Along the Hay Creek, March 14, 1885.[8]
  • Reading Times. 1889. Birdsboro Local News, August 22, 1889.[9]
  • United States Census, 1850, database with images, FamilySearch [10] : 9 April 2016, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 22 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1860, database with images, FamilySearch [11] : 24 March 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union Township > image 9 of 53; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1870, database with images, FamilySearch [12]1 : 15 June 2019, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > image 52 of 56; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1880, database with images, FamilySearch [13] : 24 December 2015, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 68 > image 24 of 31; citing NARA microfilm publication T9, (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1900, database with images, FamilySearch [14] : 5 August 2014, Pennsylvania > Berks > ED 115 Union Township > image 4 of 24; citing NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • United States Census, 1910, database with images, FamilySearch [15] : 24 June 2017, Pennsylvania > Berks > Union > ED 123 > image 4 of 26; citing NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
  • Walker, Joseph E. 1966. Hopewell Village: A Social and Economic History of an Iron-Making Community. Oxford University Press.
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